Granule-mediated Killing by Granzyme B and Perforin Requires a Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor and Is Augmented by Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate

Abstract

During granule-mediated killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes or natural killer cells, the serine protease granzyme B enters the target cell by endocytosis and induces apoptosis. Previous studies suggested a role for the mannose 6-phosphate receptor, but further experiments with purified granzyme B indicated this was not essential. Additionally, it is now clear that grB is exocytosed from killer cells in a high-molecular-weight complex with the proteoglycan serglycin. Here granzyme B was delivered as a purified monomer, or in complex with either glycosaminoglycans or serglycin, and killing was evaluated. When granzyme B was a monomer, soluble mannose 6-phosphate had a limited impact, whereas apoptosis induced by the complexed grB was effectively inhibited by mannose 6-phosphate. Most importantly, when granzyme B and perforin were delivered together from granules, inhibition by mannose 6-phosphate was also observed. In pulldown assays mediated by the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, granzyme B bound to the receptor more intensely in the presence of immobilized heparan sulfate. We therefore propose the model that under physiological conditions serglycin-bound granzyme B is critically endocytosed by a mannose 6-phosphate receptor, and receptor binding is enhanced by cell surface heparan sulfate.