Abstract
A non-axisymmetric granular vortex ring is generated by penetration into a loose granular bed, and its structure is found to be much more complex than the vortex rings observed in fluid flows. Herein, the properties of granular vortex ring are studied via CFD-DEM, and its transient structure is carefully identified by applying several parameters, including the equivalent radius of vortex core, the equivalent radius of vortex ring, and the circulation, total momentum and kinetic energy of vortex ring. Results indicate that the granular vortex ring tends to rise up with a constant translational velocity. During the rise-up process, the radius of vortex core decreases with time, but the radius of vortex ring almost keeps constant. Both the circulation and total momentum of granular vortex ring depend on time in terms of a cubic polynomial equation, while the kinetic energy of granular vortex ring presents a waveform evolution with time.
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