Abstract
Abstract This chapter focuses on the situation when interactions between grains are not limited to simple collisions and friction. In many practically important situations, long and short range forces come into play, such as electromagnetic forces due to rubbing or charging of particles, interaction with interstitial fluid. While interaction of grains with interstitial fluid is a traditional part of engineering research, effects of particle anisotropy, electromagnetic interactions mediating short-range collisions, agglomeration, and many others constitute a formidable challenge. A variety of nontrivial systems is discussed, from ripples and dune formation in wind and water driven granular flows, to dynamic patterns in the systems of anisotropic grains (long rods), and patterns in electrostatically and magnetically energized systems. While the rigorous treatment of problems in granular media with complex interaction is often impossible or prohibitively difficult, progress is achieved by by a combination of numerical modeling and phenomenological approaches.
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