Abstract
This chapter presents a brief history of granular filtration, a description of the rapid filtration process, properties of filter media, hydraulics of flow through granular media, particulate removal in rapid filtration, and design of rapid filters. Rapid filters are classified by the number of layers of filter material. The common filter materials are sand, anthracite, granular activated carbon, garnet, and ilmenite. Granular media filtration is affected by properties of the filter media and the filter bed, including grain size and size distribution, density, shape, hardness, bed porosity, and specific surface area. Filters can remove particles from water by several mechanisms. When particles are larger than the void spaces in the filter, they are removed by straining. The primary performance criteria for rapid filter design are the effluent water quality, the length of the filter run, and the recovery.
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