Abstract
Gram-negative marine bacteria can thrive in harsh oceanic conditions, partly because of the structural diversity of the cell wall and its components, particularly lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS is composed of three main parts, an O-antigen, lipid A, and a core region, all of which display immense structural variations among different bacterial species. These components not only provide cell integrity but also elicit an immune response in the host, which ranges from other marine organisms to humans. Toll-like receptor 4 and its homologs are the dedicated receptors that detect LPS and trigger the immune system to respond, often causing a wide variety of inflammatory diseases and even death. This review describes the structural organization of selected LPSes and their association with economically important diseases in marine organisms. In addition, the potential therapeutic use of LPS as an immune adjuvant in different diseases is highlighted.
Highlights
The marine environment is enriched with bacteria that provide a fruitful source of natural substances [1,2,3], including antibiotics, antitumor agents, antitoxins, and enzymes, which have a broad range of applications
Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by the presence of a unique cell wall component termed lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is associated with substantial diseases in humans and marine organisms
A recent study demonstrated that LPS from two species of Gram-negative marine bacteria of the genus Pseudoalteromonas, P. luteoviolacea and P. ruthenica, possess weak immunomodulatory activities compared to other Gram-negative bacteria
Summary
The marine environment is enriched with bacteria that provide a fruitful source of natural substances [1,2,3], including antibiotics, antitumor agents, antitoxins, and enzymes, which have a broad range of applications. Monomers linked in a β-1,6 fashion, to which fatty acid chains, typically 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids, are linked by amide or ester bonds Anionic groups such as Kdo, phosphates, and other acidic residues are commonly present on the inner core region and lipid A. Lipid A ( known as endotoxin) is a unique and distinctive hydrophobic segment that anchors the LPS to the membrane (Figure 2) It is a glucosamine-based saccharolipid [12] that constitutes the outer leaflet of the external membranes of most Gram-negative bacteria [13,14]. These barriers include physical structures as well as the immune system itself To protect against such pathological invaders, marine organisms have evolved several rudimentary mechanisms capable of protecting the animal against a wide variety of pathogens. We discuss the potential of LPS for treating diseases as an immune adjuvant
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