Abstract
• 0.9NBST-0.1BMS lead-free ceramics with W rec = 6.68 J/cm 3 and η = 89.1 % were designed and fabricated. • Small grain size and high activation energy of grain boundary leads to high breakdown field (405 kV/cm). • The energy storage potential ( W rec /E b ) is up to 0.01649 μC/cm 2 . • Excellent fatigue endurance over 10 5 electrical cycles (the W rec variation is less than 1.5%). Ferroelectric ceramics, as a potential candidate for high-power energy storage capacitors, lies in their excellent recoverable energy storage density ( W rec ) and outstanding efficiency ( η ) in practical applications. Herein, a new type of lead-free ceramics (1- x )(Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 ) 0.65 Sr 0.35 TiO 3 - x BiMg 0.5 Sn 0.5 O 3 or (1- x )NBST- x BMS was prepared with the aim of enhancing the breakdown strength ( E b ) and reducing the energy storage loss through grain refinement. It was found that E b of 0.9NBST-0.1BMS reaches 405 kV/cm due to the reduction in the grain size of ceramic and thus the extremely high ratio of grain boundary resistance to grain resistance. Besides, a remarkable energy-storage performance was obtained, that is, W rec and η are ∼ 6.68 J/cm 3 and 89.1% at 405 kV/cm, respectively, along with excellent stability in terms of frequency, temperature, and fatigue endurance. The outstanding energy-storage performance is resulted from modulating the grain size via doping the moderate content of Bi 3+ and Mg 2+ /Sn 4+ , which is beneficial to increase the breakdown field by increasing resistivity under high electric field while increasing the grain boundary activation energy and promote the formation of a relaxor state at the same time. More importantly, energy storage potential (defined as W rec /E b ) is up to 0.01649 μC/cm 2 , being the highest value reported so far for BNT-based ceramics in energy-storage application. Our results pave the way for practical applications of NBST-based ferroelectric capacitors with excellent energy storage performance.
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