Grain legume species in low rainfall Mediterranean-type environments II. Canopy development, radiation interception, and dry-matter production

Abstract

The adaptation of a wide range of grain legume species ( Lupinus albus L. cv. Kiev mutant, L. angustifolius L. cv. Yorrel, L. atlanticus L. accs. P22924 and P22927, L. pilosus Murr. acc. P23030, Cicer arietinum L. acc. T1587, Lens culinaris Med. acc. ILL6002 and cv. Digger, Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord, V. narbonensis L. acc. ACT60104, Lathyrus cicera L. acc. 495, L. ochrus (L.) DC acc. 537, L. sativus L. acc. 453, P. sativum L. cv. Dundale, V. benghalensis L. cv. Early purple, and V. sativa L. cv. Languedoc) to low-rainfall Mediterranean-type environments of southwestern Australia was examined in relation to canopy development, radiation interception, and dry-matter production. Species were grown at one location, and in two consecutive growing seasons (1993 and 1994). Dry-matter production was large for most species, particularly in 1993 (maximum biomass > 580 g/m 2 for all species except L. pilosus) which had above-average rainfall. V. faba and P. sativum developed greater maximum biomass than other species, and this was associated with high crop growth rates (CGR) during the early part of the growing season and large maximum CGR. Other species which produced large maximum biomass ( V. narbonensis and L. ochrus in 1993) developed dry matter more slowly during the early stages of plant growth, but achieved maximum CGR similar to those obtained for V. faba and P. sativum. CGR of these species increased rapidly close to flowering as air temperatures began to rise. Species which produced large maximum biomass intercepted a greater amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) ( r = 0.73* and 0.70** in 1993 and 1994, respectively). There were differences among species in the efficiency with which intercepted PAR was converted into biomass (radiation-use efficiency), but these differences did not closely reflect differences in dry-matter production. Cumulative intercepted PAR was positively correlated with the fraction of incident PAR intercepted by species ( r = 0.87** and 0.96** in 1993 and 1994, respectively), but was poorly correlated with cumulative incident PAR. Differences among species in intercepted PAR were therefore not related to differences in the length of time species were intercepting incident PAR (a function of crop phenology). Greater fraction of incident PAR intercepted by species was closely related to green (photosynthetic) area duration (GAD) ( r = 0.60* and 0.78* in 1993 and 1994, respectively), but was poorly correlated with the efficiency with which green area intercepted PAR (described by the extinction coefficient). Maximum biomass of species was also closely related to GAD ( r = 0.78** and 0.84** in 1993 an 1994, respectively). These results indicate that in low-rainfall Mediterranean-type environments, grain legume species should be selected for the development of large green area index (GAI), which should maximise the interception of PAR, production of dry matter, and consequently seed yield of the crop.