Abstract
AbstractGrain growth observed in polar ice that is not deforming rapidly can be accounted for if concentrations and distributions of extrinsic materials (microparticles, bubbles, and dissolved impurities) are characterized fully. Dissolved impurities segregate to grain boundaries and slow grain growth in all cold glacial ice. The high concentration of soluble impurities in Wisconsinan ice from the Dome C (Antarctica) ice core (and perhaps other ice cores) probably causes the small grain-sizes observed in that ice. Microparticles have little effect on grain growth in ordinary ice. In ice layers that appear dirty owing to concentrations of volcanic tephra (such as in the Byrd Station (Antarctica) ice core) or of morainal material, micro particles reduce grain-growth rates significantly. The relatively high vapor pressure of ice allows rapid growth and high mobility of intergranular necks, so grain growth in firn is limited by boundary migration rather than by neck growth. Bubbles formed by pore close-off at the firn-ice transition are less mobile than grain boundaries, causing bubble-boundary separation whenever geometric constraints are satisfied; however, such separation reduces grain-growth rates by only about 10%. The observed linear increase of grain area with time is thus predicted by theory, but the growth rate depends on soluble-impurity concentrations as well as on temperature.
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