Abstract
CuO-BaO mixtures (molar ratio,CuO/BaO= 1,2, 2.5) at the 1 wt% level were added to BaTi 1+xO 3+2x ( − 0.01 ≤ × ≤ 0.02) ceramics as a liquid phase promoter to investigate the grain growth of BaTi 1+xO 3+2x ceramics. Sintering in air for 2 h at 950 to 1250 °C was investigated to study the densification process, whereas sintering in air for 1 to 16 h at 1150 to 1250 °C was investigated to study the grain growth. The sintered grain morphologies (small grain growth, abnormal grain growth, and normal grain growth) of BaTi 1+xO 3+2x ceramics depend on theTiO 2/BaO ratio, the sintering temperature and time, and theCuO/BaO ratio, slightly. The average grain size increased with the sintering time and temperature. Grain growth is discussed in terms of the kinetic growth equation:G n − G o n = K o t exp( −Q/RT). It was found that the preexponential, the grain growth exponents, and the activation energies of the BaTi 1 + xO 3 + 2x system are all dependent on theCuO/BaO ratio, the sintering temperature, and theTiO 2/BaO ratio. In theBaTi 1+xO 3+2x/CuO-BaO system, the average n values are in the range of 4.1 to 7.6, and the activation energies are in the range of 109 ± 30 to 1007 ± 180.
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