Gradient separation of oligosaccharides and suppressing anomeric mutarotation with enhanced-fluidity liquid hydrophilic interaction chromatography

Abstract

Enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography using the hydrophilic interaction retention mechanism (EFLC-HILIC) is studied as an alternative separation mode for analyzing oligosaccharides and other sugars. These carbohydrates, which are important for the study of foods and biological systems, are difficult to comprehensively profile and either require a non-green, expensive solvent (i.e. acetonitrile) or derivatization of the analytes at the expense of time, sample loss, and loss of quantitative information. These difficulties arise from the diverse isomerism, mutarotation, and lack of a useable chromophore/fluorophore for spectroscopic detection. Enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography is an alternative separation method that involves the use of conventional polar solvents, such as methanol/water mixtures, as the primary mobile phase component and liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) as the modifier in subcritical conditions. The addition of liquid CO2 enhances diffusivity and decreases viscosity while maintaining mixture polarity, which typically results in reduced time of analysis and higher efficiency. This work illustrates an optimized EFLC-HILIC separation of a test mixture of oligosaccharides and simple sugars with a resolution greater than 1.3 and an analysis time decrease of over 35% compared to a conventional HPLC HILIC-mode analysis using acetonitrile/water mobile phases.