Abstract
It has been shown previously that a gradient microphone close to the lips is capable of providing an intelligible speech signal in spite of standing waves within a diving mask. It keeps most spectral levels close to their natural balance, but it does not compensate for detuning of the first formant by limited mask cavity volume. The present study is an investigation of a simulated diving mask and speech transmitter, whose distortion of speech is primarily by detuning of the vocal tract. It splits the first two formants into a triplet and de-emphasizes the uppermost frequency of the triplet. The gradient microphone restores emphasis to the uppermost frequency and de-emphasizes the middle frequency. This results in a formant structure similar to that of undistorted speech, with high intelligibility and most of the hollowness suppressed.
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