Abstract
Based on the total scholarly article output of Norway, we investigated the coverage and degree of openness according to the following three bibliographic services: (1) Google Scholar, (2) oaDOI by Impact Story, and (3) 1findr by 1science. According to Google Scholar, we found that more than 70% of all Norwegian articles are openly available. However, the degrees of openness are profoundly lower according to oaDOI and 1findr at 31% and 52%, respectively. Varying degrees of openness are mainly caused by different interpretations of openness, with oaDOI being the most restrictive. Furthermore, open shares vary considerably by discipline, with the medicine and health sciences at the upper end and the humanities at the lower end. We also determined the citation frequencies using cited-by values in Google Scholar and applying year and subject normalization. We found a significant citation advantage for open articles. However, this was not the case for all types of openness. In fact, the category of open access journals was by far the lowest cited, indicating that young journals with a declared open access policy still lack recognition.
Highlights
There is a growing demand to make research freely available to everyone, and this has resulted in several developments over the last few years
We investigated the three influential services (Google Scholar, oaDOI, and 1findr) and their ability to provide the community with full texts
Applying Google Scholar’s link provider on our data, we found 56,359 articles (64%) freely available, twice as many compared to oaDOI (Figure 3)
Summary
There is a growing demand to make research freely available to everyone, and this has resulted in several developments over the last few years. Governments, funders, and institutions are increasingly mandating open access (OA) to research publications. Social sharing networks have increasingly made scholarly publications freely available, often in breach of copyright regulations [3]. The website Sci-Hub illegally hosts more than 70 million research articles, providing access to the majority of recently-published articles worldwide [4].
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