Abstract
Over the last twenty years, positioning with low cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors have rapidly developed around the world at both a commercial and academic research level. For many years these instruments have only acquired the GPS constellation but are now able to track the Global’naja Navigacionnaja Sputnikovaja Sistema (GLONASS) constellation. This characteristic is very interesting, especially if used in hard-urban environments or in hard conditions where satellite visibility is low. The goal of this research is to investigate the contribution of the GLONASS constellation for mass-market receivers in order to analyse the performance in real time (Network Real Time Kinematic—NRTK positioning) with post-processing approaches. Under these conditions, it is possible to confirm that mass-market sensors could be a valid alternative to a more expensive receiver for a large number of surveying applications, but with low cost hardware the contribution of the GLONASS constellation for fixing ambiguities is useless, if not dangerous.
Highlights
The use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning is a common practice because GPS/GNSS receivers are included in various instruments, such as smartphones and cars
The use of GNSS positioning is a common practice because GPS/GNSS receivers are included in various instruments, such as smartphones and cars
Constellation; the goal of this work is to analyse the performances of mass-market receivers that are able to track the Global’naja Navigacionnaja Sputnikovaja Sistema (GLONASS) constellation [8,13,14] in order to demonstrate the benefits of multi-constellation receivers for mass-market instruments
Summary
The use of GNSS positioning is a common practice because GPS/GNSS receivers are included in various instruments, such as smartphones and cars. Receivers range from geodetic triple frequency and multi-constellation (which currently cost over 5000 euros) to mass-market instruments that typically use only the GPS constellation and pseudorange measurements of at least the L1 (single frequency). GPS frequency, which costs a few hundred euros Besides the cost, these receivers differ in positioning accuracy and precision; the first one allows us to obtain centimeter accuracy in real-time positioning (using Continuous Operating Reference Stations—CORSs) and a sub-centimeter accuracy in post-processing [1], after a network adjustment. The second class of receivers are (in theory) less precise compared to the first type and allow us to obtain an accuracy of a few meters in real-time stand-alone positioning and an handful of centimeters (i.e., four to six cm) in real-time if a CORSs network is considered [2]. Regarding post-processing, it is possible to obtain an accuracy of about two to five cm, if considering a Virtual Rinex: this is a data file of a virtual station generated by the network software that manages the CORSs network [3]
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