Government roles in regulating medical tourism: evidence from Guatemala

Ronald Labonté,Jeremy Snyder,Valorie A Crooks,Alejandro Cerón Valdés,Vivien Runnels

doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0866-1

Abstract

BackgroundRegulation of the medical tourism and public health sectors overlap in many instances, raising questions of how patient safety, economic growth, and health equity can be protected. The case of Guatemala is used to explore how the regulatory challenges posed by medical tourism should be dealt with in countries seeking to grow this sector.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative case study of the medical tourism sector in Guatemala, through reviews and analyses of policy documents and media reports, key informant interviews (n = 50), and facility site-visits.ResultsKey informants were critical of the absence of effective public regulation of the emerging medical tourism sector, noting several regulatory gaps and the importance of filling them. These informants specifically expressed that: 1) The government should regulate medical tourism in Guatemala, thought there was disagreement as to which government sector should do so and how; 2) The government has not at this time regulated the medical tourism sector nor shown great interest in doing so; and 3) International accreditation could be used to augment domestic regulation.ConclusionsThe intersection of domestic and international regulation of medical tourism has been largely unexplored. This case study advances new research in this area. It highlights the need for and dearth of regulatory protections in Guatemala and lessons for other, similarly situated countries. National regulatory models from Israel and Barbados could be adapted to the Guatemalan context. Global governance could help to protect national governments from any competitive disadvantages created by regulation. Underlying the concerns over growth in medical tourism, however, is how it contributes to the ongoing privatization of health care facilities worldwide. This trend risks undermining efforts to reach targets for Universal Health Coverage and exacerbating existing inequities in the global distribution of health and wealth.

Highlights

Regulation of the medical tourism and public health sectors overlap in many instances, raising questions of how patient safety, economic growth, and health equity can be protected
As part of a multi-country study of the health equity impacts of medical tourism in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region, in this article we examine how different stakeholder groups considered government regulation in one of our case-study countries (Guatemala), which has been attempting in recent years to ‘grow’ this health care sector
It is more of a negative case, insofar that our key informants were critical of the current absence of effective public regulation, noting several gaps and the importance of filling them

Summary

Introduction

Regulation of the medical tourism and public health sectors overlap in many instances, raising questions of how patient safety, economic growth, and health equity can be protected. Medical tourism can help to fill unmet health care access needs for citizens of smaller countries lacking higher-end treatment facilities, it has been criticized for poor safety standards and infection control, and provision of illegal, unethical, or questionable procedures [5,6,7]. This raises health and safety concerns as well as ethical ones; as a 2013 United Kingdom (UK) study noted, there is “currently no guidance or regulation on risk or safety for UK residents who consider travelling abroad for treatment” [8]. The primary areas in which medical tourism and governmental (public) health care regulation intersect include:

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Discussion

Conclusion