Abstract
After more than three decades of access to low-cost liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) financed by large direct government subsidies, >90% of Ecuadorian households cook primarily with LPG. Due to the large fiscal burden of the LPG subsidy, increases in electricity from hydropower, and other socio-political factors, the Government of Ecuador has launched a major induction stove program (PEC) to reduce the demand for LPG. We assess the effects of the LPG subsidies and PEC using government records, interviews, academic literature, newspaper reports, household surveys, and focus groups. Household surveys, conducted in rural, northern Ecuadorian households (n = 383), characterized cooking patterns and fuel access. Focus groups (n = 6) were carried out with a subset of surveyed households to better characterize survey findings. The LPG subsidy was developed as part of broad social support reforms in the early 1970s, without specific aims to reduce the health impacts of household air pollution from woodfuel or provide economic benefits as part of the transition to a clean cooking fuel. Nonetheless, the subsidy has resulted in nearly all Ecuadorian households cooking primarily with LPG. PEC has generated the sale of 740,000 induction stoves since its inception in 2014, short of the goal of 3.5 million. Among the rural households surveyed, LPG use, acceptance, and satisfaction was high, however, more than three-quarters of those surveyed reported weekly woodfuel use. Induction stove ownership (17%) and use as a primary cooking fuel (1%) was low among the rural households surveyed; furthermore, households owning induction stoves reported very low satisfaction with the stoves. Here we show that nationally-representative surveys reporting only “primary cooking fuel” use may underestimate solid fuel use as a supplemental household cooking energy, particularly in rural areas where fuel availability issues play a stronger role in decisions about what fuels to use.
Highlights
Ecuador offers a striking example of cooking fuel use dynamics in an emerging middleincome country where significant subsidies for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) have been provided for nearly 40 years (Troncoso & Soares da Silva, 2017)
We evaluate the actual impacts of the programs on rural households in northern Ecuador using surveys and focus group discussions in the section Experiences with LPG and induction in rural communities
We present the results of the focus groups for each fuel type discussed
Summary
Ecuador offers a striking example of cooking fuel use dynamics in an emerging middleincome country where significant subsidies for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) have been provided for nearly 40 years (Troncoso & Soares da Silva, 2017). A 15 kilogram cylinder of LPG currently costs US$1,601 (retail), a price that has not changed since 2001, providing a per-15 kg cylinder subsidy of approximately $11.50 (Guillen & Robalino, 2016; Ministry of Hydrocarbons of Ecuador, 2015). 90% of Ecuadorian households cook primarily with LPG. Developed in part to create demand for Ecuador’s growing hydroelectric capacity and to address the cost of LPG subsidies, the Ecuadorian government has launched La Programa de Eficiencia Energélica para la Cocción (“The program for energy efficient cooking”; PEC), which is built around incentives to install and use induction stoves (Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy of Ecuador, 2014). PEC includes a consumer credit for stove purchase provided through state electric utilities and overseen by the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy that allows participants to make monthly payments as part of their electricity bill. PEC participants receive 80 kWh of electricity per month free—an amount projected to cover household cooking for a family of five
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