Gout Induced by Intoxication of Sodium Bicarbonate in Korean Native Broilers

Abstract

Gout is a metabolic disorder that results in hyperuricemia and the deposition of positively birefringent monosodium urate crystals in various parts of the body. Intoxication of sodium bicarbonate (SBC) for 35 days in Korean native broilers was investigated. Sixty birds, aged 2 weeks, divided into 5 groups were exposed to excess SBC: 2 g/L (group A), 7.5 g/L (group B), 20 g/L (group C), 40 g/L (group D). Toxicopathological examination of all exposed birds revealed the manifestation of visceral and articular gout in group C, while birds of group D showed acute kidney damage with manifestation of excessive visceral gout. Interestingly, few birds in group D also showed signs of rare condition of acute articular gout. Dose-dependent increments in erythrocytic count, hematocrit values, and hemoglobin levels of the exposed birds were observed. Hypernatremia, hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, and hypochloremia were common findings among exposed birds. Microscopic examination of birds that manifested visceral gout revealed significant urate deposit, tubular necrosis, and tophi formation in renal interstitium. These findings provide a pathophysiological link that SBC intoxication may support hyperuricemia, which is an independent risk factor for gout and other renal dysfunctions. Further study is required to delineate the effect of lowering uric acid on progression of gout and other renal diseases.