Got shrubs? Precipitation mediates long-term shrub and introduced grass dynamics in chaparral communities after fire

April G Smith,Benjamin C Bright,Beth A Newingham,Andrew T Hudak

doi:10.1186/s42408-019-0031-2

April G Smith, Benjamin C Bright + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0031-2

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Abstract

BackgroundShort-term post-fire field studies have shown that native shrub cover in chaparral ecosystems negatively affects introduced cover, which is influenced by burn severity, elevation, aspect, and climate. Using the southern California 2003 Old and Simi fires and the 2008 Sesnon Fire, we investigated the role of native shrubs in post-fire ecosystem responses across gradients of elevation, aspect, climate, burn severities, fire histories, and time. We collected field estimates of species cover in 2004 and 2015 at nested sampling sites. We used structural equation models with introduced and shrub cover as dependent variables.ResultsShrub cover in 2004 was most influenced by the number of reburns, while shrub cover in 2015 was most influenced by the time between the two most recent fires. In 2004, introduced cover was most influenced by burn severity in 2003; similarly, in 2015, introduced cover was most influenced by burn severity in 2008. In both one and twelve years post fire, average precipitation increased the length of time between fires and decreased the number of times a site burned. This direct reduction in the number of times a site had burned due to average precipitation resulted in lower shrub cover one and twelve years post fire. Additionally, mean annual precipitation increased burn severity one year post fire, which resulted in lower introduced cover. However, this indirect relationship between precipitation and introduced cover through burn severity was no longer present twelve years post fire. Shrub cover increased with a longer average time between fires twelve years after fire. Shrub cover did not mediate any indirect relationships between burn severity or fire history metrics and introduced cover in either year, suggesting competitive exclusion of introduced species by shrubs.ConclusionOur research found that significant fire effects on shrub and introduced species are often mediated by precipitation. Precipitation trends are likely to change fire regimes and thus alter plant community dynamics.

Highlights

Short-term post-fire field studies have shown that native shrub cover in chaparral ecosystems negatively affects introduced cover, which is influenced by burn severity, elevation, aspect, and climate
structural equation modeling (SEM)’s are a powerful statistical tool designed to determine causal multivariate relationships and uniquely allow for examining simultaneous multivariate relationships (Grace and Keeley 2006, Dell et al 2017). We examined these relationships in a relatively intact montane chaparral ecosystem that burned typical of past chaparral fire regimes, as well as in an interior chaparral ecosystem that has had more frequent fires and a greater invasion of non-native species
We found that shrub cover reduced introduced cover (Keeley and Brennan 2012, Condon and Pyke 2018), often through complex interactions with precipitation, burn severity, and fire history metrics

Summary

Introduction

Short-term post-fire field studies have shown that native shrub cover in chaparral ecosystems negatively affects introduced cover, which is influenced by burn severity, elevation, aspect, and climate. High litter and rock cover may limit post-fire soil erosion (Shakesby et al 1994) and provide microsites for seed germination (Schlesinger and Gill 1978). Local conditions, such as burn severity, most recent fire return interval, as well as plant canopy, can affect soil heating, reducing the seed bank and fuel load for subsequent fires (Odion and Davis 2000). Repeat burns may affect a site’s invasibility and ecosystem trajectory (Keeley and Brennan 2012)

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