Google

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Maurice Saatchi, ‘The strange death of modern advertising’, Financial Times, 22 June 2006. 2. Robert O. Keohane & Joseph S. Nye, ‘Power and Interdependence in the Information Age’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 5 (1998), p. 84. 3. Thomas. L Friedman, ‘Is Google God?’, The New York Times, 29 June 2003. 4. Bill Thomson, ‘Is Google too powerful?’, BBC, 21 February 2003. 5. Robert W. McChesney, ‘The New Global Media’, in David Held & Anthony McGrew (eds.), The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate, 2nd edn (Polity, 2002), p. 260. 6. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Blackwell, 1996). 7. See Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge University Press, 1996). 8. Sergey Brin & Larry Page, ‘The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine’, Computer Networks, Vol. 30, Nos 1-7 (1998), http://www-db.stanford.edu/∼backrub/google.html (accessed 24 August 2006). 9. S. A. Mathieson, ‘Google – Swiss Army Knife for Hackers?’, Infosecurity Today, November–December (2005), pp. 39–41. 10. Saul Hansell, ‘Yahoo is unleashing a new way to turn ad clicks into ka-ching’, The New York Times, 8 May 2006. 11. Google, ‘Corporate Information–Technology Overview’, http://www.google.co.uk/intl/en/corporate/tech.html (accessed 24 June 2006). 12. Quoted in Steve Lohr, ‘Microsoft and Google grapple for supremacy as stakes escalate’, The New York Times, 10 May 2006. 13. Figures are from Danny Sullivan, ‘Nielsen NetRatings Search Engine Ratings’, 22 August 2006, at http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=2156451 (accessed 22 August 2006); Bill Tancer, ‘Google's weekly search numbers’, Hitwise Intelligence, 22 August 2006, http://weblogs.hitwise.com/bill-tancer/2006/08/googles_weekly_search_numbers.html (accessed 23 August 2006). 14. Google, ‘Company Overview’, http://www.google.co.uk/intl/en/corporate/index.html (accessed 20 June 2006). 15. According to a recent survey, 56.3 per cent of internet users in the USA make use of search engines at least once a day. See iProspect, Search Engine User Attitudes Survey, April–May 2004, http://www.iprospect.com/premiumPDFs/iProspectSurveyComplete.pdf#search=‘iProspect%20search%20engine%20attitude%20survey ’ (accessed 23 August 2006). 16. Google, ‘Corporate Information: Features Overview’ (2004), http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/features.html (accessed 20 June 2006). 17. The results used in the comparison were produced by the author's own search for the query term ‘China’, using three search engines including Google (www.google.com), Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com) and Microsoft MSN (www.msn.com) conducted on 23 August 2006. 18. Deborah Fallows, Search Engine Users, Pew Internet & American Life Project, 23 January 2005, http://www.pewinternet.org/ (accessed 23 August 2006). 19. David Reid, ‘French answer to Google Library’, BBC, 24 June 2005. 20. Rhys Blakely, ‘Chirac wants a rival to beat Google’, The Times, 29 April 2006. 21. As a brainchild of Jacques Chirac and former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, Quaero was conceived in April 2005. 22. ‘Support for EU “digital library”’, BBC, 4 May 2005. 23. For more details about the Gallica project (http://gallica.bnf.fr/), see Reid, ‘French Answer to Google Library’. 24. Peter Sayer, ‘Google France Loses Appeal in AdWords Trademark Dispute’, 17 March 2005, at http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/03/17/HNgooglefranceadwords_1.html (accessed 12 September 2006). 25. BBC, ‘Support for EU “Digital Library”’. 26. ‘Quaero's challenge: I search, therefore I am’, Financial Times, 23 January 2006. 27. Reid, ‘French answer to Google Library’. 28. Bobbie Johnson, ‘The question: does France really need its own search engine?’, The Guardian, 27 April 2006. 29. The COPA was struck down by the Supreme Court for its potential to violate adults' online freedom of speech. 30. Financial Times, 15 March 2006. 31. Hansell, ‘Yahoo is unleashing a new way’. 32. Associated Press, 24 January 2006. 33. Google, ‘Technology Overview’, at http://www.google.com/corporate/tech.html (accessed 20 June 2006). 34. The search was conducted by the author on the 2 March 2006 using the standard version (www.google.com) and the Chinese version (www.google.com.cn) of Google search. 35. Original wording displayed by Google search was in Chinese characters. Pinyin and translation by the author. 36. John B. Thomson, ‘The Globalization of Communication’, in Held & McGrew, The Global Transformations Reader, pp. 246–59. 37. Jonathan D. Aronson, ‘Causes and Consequences of the Communications and Internet Revolution’, in John Baylis & Steve Smith (eds.), The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, 3rd edn (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 641.