Good Clinical Outcome After Accidental Intra-arterial Injection of Flunitrazepam Tablets in 16 Drug Abusers with Critical Limb Ischaemia

Abstract

Inadvertent intra-arterial injection of flunitrazepam tablets intended for intravenous use by drug abusers has devastating effects. We report here on the clinical outcome of 16 drug abusers developing critical limb ischaemia after flunitrazepam injection. Treatment combined immediate analgesia and anticoagulation, long-lasting local thrombolysis and vasodilatation, antibiotic prophylaxis, and physical mobilization. The immediate bolus injection of 5,000IU heparin was followed by a continuous heparin infusion up to the target partial thromboplastin time. Under arteriographic control local intra-arterial infusion with alternating 4-h cycles of 5mg recombinant tissue plasminogen activator followed by 5μg prostaglandinE1 (PGE1) was performed for 24-48 hours. Subsequently, 60μg PGE1 was applied once daily. Drug abusers, having been injected with 4-30mg flunitrazepam, were treated 3-72 hours after the accident, with six of them not being treated until after 24 hours. All showed a high tissue ischaemia score. At the time of being discharged from hospital 13 patients had a normal extremity. In one patient, first receiving treatment 72 hours after injection, minor amputation of fingers was necessary. The life of the patient who injected 30mg flunitrazepam in the leg was saved after hip disarticulation. One patient developed neurological dysfunction in the affected toes. Intensive treatment after inadvertent intra-arterial drug injection normalized the affected extremity in most drug abusers, even after the late onset of therapy.