Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections are a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy in women and facilitate the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (1). To characterize the epidemiology of gonorrhea in the United States, CDC examined national surveillance data on gonorrhea cases reported to CDC through state health departments in 1998 and surveyed selected states with increases and decreases in gonorrhea rates since 1996. This report summarizes the results of this analysis, which indicate that following a 13-year decline, the number of gonorrhea cases in 1998 increased by 9% compared with 1997. Although changes in gonorrhea screening and surveillance practices may have contributed to the higher reported rates, reports from states suggest that true increases in gonorrhea cases also occurred in some populations.
Highlights
MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN AND INject drugs (MSM/IDU) pose unique challenges for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk reduction efforts because they have multiple risks for HIV acquisition and transmission
This report presents (1) the demographic characteristics of MSM/IDU diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1998 and MSM/IDU living with AIDS as of December 31, 1998; (2)
Over half of MSM/IDU with AIDS were non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics, and most MSM/IDU with AIDS were reported from large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs); (2) AIDS incidence has declined since 1996; and (3) a high prevalence of drug-related and sexual risk behaviors occurred among MSM/
Summary
IDU from 1985 to 1998; and (3) information on selected behaviors from interviews of MSM/IDU who had AIDS diagnosed from 1996 to 1998 in 12 states.* The findings indicate that (1). Risk information for AIDS surveillance generally was obtained from medical records For this analysis, only persons with the reported dual risk factors for HIV transmission of male-male sex and injecting[170] drug use were included. Information on selected behavioral characteristics of MSM/IDU with AIDS was obtained from the Supplement to HIV/AIDS Surveillance (SHAS) project.[3]. Persons aged $18 years recently reported with HIV/AIDS to the 12 health departments participating in SHAS were interviewed about their sexual and drug-related risk behaviors. Interview data are presented for men who were classified as MSM/IDU on the HIV/AIDS case report or who reported male-male sex and injectingdrug use in the SHAS interview
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