Golgi apparatus-synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate polymerization and activation of the cGAMP sensor STING

Abstract

Activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) sensor STING requires its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and subsequent polymerization. Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to define factors critical for STING activation in cells, we identified proteins critical for biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in the Golgi apparatus. Binding of sGAGs promoted STING polymerization through luminal, positively charged, polar residues. These residues are evolutionarily conserved, and selective mutation of specific residues inhibited STING activation. Purified or chemically synthesized sGAGs induced STING polymerization and activation of the kinase TBK1. The chain length and O-linked sulfation of sGAGs directly affected the level of STING polymerization and, therefore, its activation. Reducing the expression of Slc35b2 to inhibit GAG sulfation in mice impaired responses to vaccinia virus infection. Thus, sGAGs in the Golgi apparatus are necessary and sufficient to drive STING polymerization, providing a mechanistic understanding of the requirement for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi apparatus translocation for STING activation.