Gold particle-modified glassy carbon electrode: an advanced electrochemical sensor for dipyrone monitoring

Abstract

This study presents the development and optimization of a gold particle-modified glassy carbon electrode (Au/GCE) as an advanced electrochemical sensor for monitoring dipyrone (DIP), a commonly used pharmaceutical compound. The objective of this study was to enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of DIP quantification through efficient experimental planning and the incorporation of gold particles onto the surface of the GCE. The electrodeposition of gold particles onto the GCE significantly improved the response of DIP in a 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 solution. By employing a design of experiments (DoE) approach, we optimized the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) method, resulting in enhanced performance, including the achievement of a remarkably low limit of detection (0.15 µmol L−1). To assess the accuracy of the electroanalytical method, we conducted extensive recovery tests, which yielded recovery values ranging from 98.9% to 104% for DIP concentration in pharmaceutical formulations. These results emphasize the selectivity and robustness of the developed electroanalytical method, positioning it as a reliable tool for monitoring DIP. The comprehensive account of experimental procedures, optimization strategies, and analytical validation presented in this study establish the efficacy and potential applications of the developed sensor in pharmaceutical analysis. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights into the field of electrochemical sensing and offers promising prospects for its application in various pharmaceutical and clinical settings.