Gold Nanoparticles Prepared with Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Can Induce Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Impairment with Inhibition of Autophagy in the Human Gastric Carcinoma Cell Line AGS.

Rongbo Wang,Hoon Kim,Sri Renukadevi Balusamy,Yeon-Ju Kim,Xingyue Xu,Aditi Mitra Puja,Haribalan Perumalsamy

doi:10.3390/nano11051260

Rongbo Wang, Hoon Kim + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11051260

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Journal: Nanomaterials	Publication Date: May 11, 2021
Citations: 22	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Kyung Hee University, Sejong University

Abstract

(1) Background: Nanotechnology is being widely applied for anticancer strategies with few side effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) prepared from natural extracts are promising candidates for cancer treatment because of their unique physicochemical characteristics. This study aimed to prepare gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract (PEFE) using Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) and to evaluate their anticancer activity against the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell-line (AGS). (2) Methods: The safety of microbial biosynthesis AuNPs (PEFE-AuNPs) was assessed by evaluating the cytotoxicity. The anticancer activity of PEFE-AuNPs was investigated in AGS cells in terms of apoptosis and autophagy. (3) Results: PEFE-AuNPs exhibited significant cytotoxicity against AGS cells but not against normal cells. The apoptosis induced by PEFE-AuNPs in AGS cells was associated with PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)-Parkin mediated reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of intracellular signaling apoptosis pathways. The anticancer activity of PEFE-AuNPs was associated with induction of apoptosis through inhibition of autophagy, downregulation of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin-1 expression, and upregulation of p62 expression in AGS cells. (4) Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate the anticancer activity of PEFE-AuNPs against AGS cells. Our results provide a good starting point for the development of new anticancer products based on gold nanoparticles of P. emblica fruit extract.

Highlights

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers and has the second highest cancer-related mortality rate in the world [1,2]
There was no plasmonic absorbance observed for either the B. lactis sample or Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract (PEFE) alone, the λmax of PEFEAuNPs was observed at a wavelength of 545 nm, demonstrating the successful synthesis of AuNPs (Figure 1A)
Using thermos gravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the thermal stability of the polymers, lower weight loss was observed in PEFE-AuNPs (52.67%) than in PEFE (66.17%), indicating that PEFE-AuNPs have a more favorable thermal stability than PEFE (Figure 1B)

Summary

Introduction

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers and has the second highest cancer-related mortality rate in the world [1,2]. The incidence of GC has a large geographic variation, there is a consistently high incidence of 60% in East Asia [2,3]. Despite the many effective treatment modalities for GC, such as surgical excision, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and a combination of these interventions, GC generally remains to have a poor prognosis and low survival rates [4]. In the past few decades, nanoparticles (NPs), which are particles typically with a diameter of 1–100 nm, have been broadly applied in various fields [6]. NPs have received considerable attention in cancer research, as they are able to destroy tumor

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