Abstract
Development of nanotechnology has become prominent in many fields, such as medicine, electronics, production of materials, and modern drugs. Nanomaterials and nanoparticles have gained recognition owing to the unique biochemical and physical properties. Considering cellular application, it is speculated that nanoparticles can transfer through cell membranes following different routes exclusively owing to their size (up to 100 nm) and surface functionalities. Nanoparticles have capacity to enter cells by themselves but also to carry other molecules through the lipid bilayer. This quality has been utilized in cellular delivery of substances like small chemical drugs or nucleic acids. Different nanoparticles including lipids, silica, and metal nanoparticles have been exploited in conjugation with nucleic acids. However, the noble metal nanoparticles create an alternative, out of which gold nanoparticles (AuNP) are the most common. The hybrids of DNA or RNA and metal nanoparticles can be employed for functional assemblies for variety of applications in medicine, diagnostics or nano-electronics by means of biomarkers, specific imaging probes, or gene expression regulatory function. In this review, we focus on the conjugates of gold nanoparticles and nucleic acids in the view of their potential application for cellular delivery and biomedicine. This review covers the current advances in the nanotechnology of DNA and RNA-AuNP conjugates and their potential applications. We emphasize the crucial role of metal nanoparticles in the nanotechnology of nucleic acids and explore the role of such conjugates in the biological systems. Finally, mechanisms guiding the process of cellular intake, essential for delivery of modern therapeutics, will be discussed.
Highlights
Nanomaterials are referred as materials, made of unbound or aggregated particles, of which one or more external dimensions is in the range 1–100 nm (EU statement from 2011—2011/696/EU).Nanoparticles, belonging to the nanomaterials’ group, are defined as objects with three external nanoscale dimensions [1]
-called green nanoparticles represent a trend in nanotechnology, where biological or plant synthesis is used to produce nanoscale elements in a controlled way [3,4]
Current methods allow for synthesis and assembly of modified nanoparticles, methods allow for synthesis and assembly of modified nanoparticles, with new features or capacity to with new features or capacity to conjugate biological cargo like drugs, nucleic acids, antibodies etc
Summary
Nanomaterials are referred as materials, made of unbound or aggregated particles, of which one or more external dimensions is in the range 1–100 nm (EU statement from 2011—2011/696/EU). -called green nanoparticles represent a trend in nanotechnology, where biological or plant synthesis is used to produce nanoscale elements in a controlled way [3,4]. Another important branch of nanotechnology focuses on binding biomolecules like proteins [5,6]. Current methods allow for synthesis and assembly of modified nanoparticles, methods allow for synthesis and assembly of modified nanoparticles, with new features or capacity to with new features or capacity to conjugate biological cargo like drugs, nucleic acids, antibodies etc. We review the current knowledge regarding arrangements involving current knowledge regarding arrangements involving metal nanoparticles and nucleic acids, as well metal nanoparticles and nucleic acids, as well as their potential biological applications.
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