Abstract
Plant diseases and their diagnoses are currently one of the global challenges and cause significant impact to the economy of farmers and industries depending on plant-based products. Plant pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and pollution caused by the nanomaterial, as well as other important elements of pollution, are the main reason for the loss of plants in agriculture and in forest ecosystems. Presently, various techniques are used to detect pathogens in trees, which includes DNA-based techniques, as well as other microscopy based identification and detection. However, these methodologies require complex instruments and time. Lately, nanomaterial-based new biosensing systems for early detection of diseases, with specificity and sensitivity, are developed and applied. This review highlights the nanomaterial-based biosensing methods of disease detection. Precise and time effective identification of plant pathogens will help to reduce losses in agriculture and forestry. This review focuses on various plant diseases and the requirements for a reliable, fast, and cost-effective testing method, as well as new biosensing technologies for the detection of diseases of field plants in forests at early stages of their growth.
Highlights
Academic Editor: Igor MedintzIn recent years, innovatory applications of nanomaterials have been described in several fields of science and technology
Disease detection approaches have largely been based on either direct or indirect detection methods. The conventional methods such as microscopic examination of pathogen through culture and colony count, immunological detection assays, and molecular methods like polymerase chain reaction are all direct detection methods where molecular, morphological, and serological properties of pathogens are directly targeted for detection. These are considered as the ‘gold standard’ but are quite challenging, require specific skills, dedicated instrumentation, sample preparation steps, and normally the time taken in obtaining results and its interpretation is longer
The biological recognition probes such as antibodies, peptides, and aptamers are conjugated to the nanoparticles and lead to the development of highly sensitive methods
Summary
Innovatory applications of nanomaterials have been described in several fields of science and technology. These are considered as the ‘gold standard’ but are quite challenging, require specific skills, dedicated instrumentation, sample preparation steps, and normally the time taken in obtaining results and its interpretation is longer [14] There are indirect methods wherein any physiological or morphological changes taking place in the infected plants are targeted for detection [7] These methods involve techniques like optical imaging, thermography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Nanomaterial-based biosensors are being used today in a plethora of applications related to environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics Their use in plant sciences or agriculture has witnessed a tremendous increase in recent years.
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