Abstract
Antioxidants play a central role in the development and production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, to reduce oxidative processes in the human body. Among them, phenolic antioxidants are considered even more efficient than other antioxidants. They are divided into natural and synthetic. The natural antioxidants are generally found in plants and their synthetic counterparts are generally added as preventing agents of lipid oxidation during the processing and storage of fats, oils, and lipid-containing foods: All of them can exhibit different effects on human health, which are not always beneficial. Because of their relevant bioactivity and importance in several sectors, such as agro-food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic, it is crucial to have fast and reliable analysis Rmethods available. In this review, different examples of gold nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors used for the rapid and selective detection of phenolic compounds are analyzed and discussed, evidencing the important role of gold nanomaterials, and including systems with or without specific recognition elements, such as biomolecules, enzymes, etc. Moreover, a selection of gold nanomaterials involved in the designing of this kind of (bio)sensor is reported and critically analyzed. Finally, advantages, limitations, and potentialities for practical applications of gold nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for detecting phenolic antioxidants are discussed.
Highlights
It is evident that this class of molecules includes all those with at least one phenolic unit in the structure, and it can be further divided in natural and synthetic phenolic antioxidants
Different classifications have been reported in the literature, but according to the most accepted, they are grouped in phenolic acids, phenolic alcohols, lignans, stilbenes, and flavonoids [2,3]
Flavonoids can be further classified into six subclasses, namely flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, anthocyanidins, and flavanols [3]
Summary
By means of a simple and convenient operative procedure involving template-free one-step electroFdoeprossiytinonerfoglliocwiemdpbyroavgealmvaennictmoeftatlhdeispplaecceumleinatr(GpMhyDs),iictaisl,peolsesicbtleritcoatla,ilaornd opti oanfdgmoolddunlaatentohme maoterprhiaollosg, ybayndcopmorobsiintyinofgNtPhGebmy mwoidtihfyointghtehre enleacntroomdeapotesirtiioanls, seve pAaura-mbeatseresd, anndatnoofomlloawtetrhiearlesachtiaovneprbogereenss.designed and prepared for different a t2h.4e. By combining two different metals into bimetallic nanoparticles, it i o2.n4.l1y. After the addition of the less-noble metal (Ag) precursor and a further amount of the reducing agent, the obtained bimetallic nanoparticles present a core composed of the nobler metal (Au) and a shell made of the less-noble counterpart. It is possible to obtain well-dispersed bimetallic nanoparticles, and they can be further cut in pieces at nanoscale. Another option is a two-step synthesis, i.e., mixing of nanoparticles of the two different metals can be irradiated by a laser beam. By modulating and controlling the energy of the laser beam, it is possible to alternatively synthesize nanoalloys or bimetallic nanoparticles [57]
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