Abstract
Hawai‘i was the first state to establish a statewide 100% renewable energy goal to be met by 2045. To address the potential impact of new residential construction, a team conducted field studies and developed whole-building energy models of detached houses in Hawai‘i. The goal was to inform the state, a major developer, and the Hawai‘i design community on how current residential design could be modified to meet the newly adopted energy codes and renewable energy goals. Seven houses with air-conditioning were monitored for disaggregated energy use, temperature, and humidity for one year. The building simulation software BEoptTM v.2.8 was used to conduct parametric analyses and cost/energy optimizations to evaluate design options. The energy-optimized model for this hot-humid climate included the following: increasing the efficiency of the air-conditioning system; utilizing ceiling fans with occupancy sensors while increasing the thermostat set-point; a light-colored exterior finish and roof; a radiant barrier; longer eaves; and Energy Star appliances. The energy-optimized model reduced the annual site energy by approximately 47.1% compared to the model that minimally complied with the International Energy Conservation Code 2015. A 4.5-kW grid-tied photovoltaic array would achieve a net-zero annual site energy value.
Highlights
Sustainable development and the mitigation of climate change are global concerns that have gained attention in recent decades
The lighting, plug loads, and appliances in the garage for all houses are included in both energy use intensity (EUI) for the living area and total floor area
In order to understand how the metered energy use in our study’s Kanehili development compares to other houses in the state, we looked at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) study of the Kaupuni development in Waianae, Oahu, HI, to provide a comparative model [14]
Summary
Sustainable development and the mitigation of climate change are global concerns that have gained attention in recent decades. Among the strategies being used to tackle these challenges is improving the energy efficiency in buildings [1]. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), “buildings construction and operations accounted for 36% of global final energy use and 39%. Of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2017”, displaying values that are larger than those of the transportation or industry sectors [2]. Hawai‘i has set an aggressive energy goal of providing. 100% renewable energy by 2045 [3]. As of 2017, fossil fuel-fired plants produce 72% of the State’s carbon-intensive electricity [4]. In terms of building energy use, the residential sector represents 32%
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