Abstract
Abstract : During the last 15 years, operational oceanography systems have been developed in several countries around the world. These developments have been fostered primarily by the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE), which coordinated these activities, encouraged partnerships, and facilitated constructive competition. This multinational coordination has been very beneficial for the development of operational oceanography. Today, several systems provide routine, real-time ocean analysis, forecast, and reanalysis products. These systems are based on (1) state-of-the-art Ocean General Circulation Model configurations, either global or regional (basin-scale), with resolutions that range from coarse to eddy-resolving, and (2) data assimilation techniques ranging from analysis correction to advanced three- or four-dimensional variational schemes. These systems assimilate altimeter sea level anomalies, sea surface temperature data, and in situ profiles of temperature and salinity, including Argo data. Some systems have implemented downscaling capacities, which consist of embedding higher-resolution local systems in global and basin-scale models (through open boundary exchange of data), especially in coastal regions, where small scale-phenomena are important, and also increasing the spatial resolution for these regional/coastal systems to be able to resolve smaller scales (socalled downscaling). Others have implemented coupling with the atmosphere and/or sea ice.
Highlights
The development of global and regional ocean data assimilation systems began in the 1990s
11–16 km 22 hybrid layers European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 6-hourly information and image products from the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) systems presented in this paper
The reader can refer to Hurlburt et al (2009) and Cummings et al (2009) in this issue for more details about some of the model configurations and assimilation systems used by GODAE teams
Summary
ByEricDombrowsky, La u r en tBerti no , 10993G a r1y99B4. B r1a9s9s5 i ng1t99o6n , E1r9i9c7 P. Several systems provide routine, real-time ocean analysis, forecast, and reanalysis products These systems are based on (1) state-of-the-art Ocean General Circulation Model configurations, either global or regional (basin-scale), with resolutions that range from coarse to eddy-resolving, and (2) data assimilation techniques ranging from analysis correction to advanced three- or four-dimensional variational schemes. Several factors came together to make this development possible: (1) advances in numerical ocean modeling that led to development of Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) codes had been successfully implemented and scientifically validated in realistic configurations, had high coding and documentation standards, and were computationally efficient; (2) assimilation schemes were developed for the ocean and successfully demonstrated in realistic applications, with algorithmic simplifications allowing their implementation on existing computers; (3) supercomputing facilities were emerging, enabling implementation of realistic eddy-resolving ocean data assimilation systems at basin scale; and (4) global observing systems were developing, with real-time data delivery mechanisms, including satellite altimetry that allowed a continuous, quasisynoptic picture of the global ocean eddy field This development has been fueled by users’ demands from navies and meteorological agencies for applications such as underwater acoustics, object drift monitoring, hurricane forecasting, and seasonal and climate prediction, and from the downstream commercial sector such as the oil industry.
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