Goal Orientation and Physical Activity: Psychometric Properties of the Polish Version of the Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM)

Maciej Tomczak,Łukasz Bojkowski,Małgorzata Walczak,Paweł Kleka,Aleksandra Walczak

doi:10.3390/jcm10091900

Abstract

Motivational factors are among the most important determinants of undertaking and participating in physical activity. An adequate measurement of motivation and the assessment of its initial characteristics form the basis for possible further practical interventions of a compensatory or promotional nature. Considering the above, the main aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM), and to determine the association between the task and the ego orientations and selected components of physical activity, i.e., frequency of undertaking, declared time per session and time spent on physical activity. In addition to the typical indices of psychometric assessment, an analysis of the reliability of test items by applying the item response theory (IRT) model was also presented. The study included 318 individuals (173 females, 145 males), aged 21 years on average, undertaking recreational physical activity. The GOEM scale by Petherick and Markland (2008) was used. The model of the Polish version of the GOEM scale fitted the empirical data well (CFI = 0.955). Satisfactory reliability indices were also obtained (task subscale: alpha = 0.83, omega = 0.83; ego subscale: alpha = 0.86, omega = 0.86). Reliability, as assessed by the test-retest method, was ICC = 0.80 for the task subscale and ICC = 0.87 for the ego subscale. The IRT analysis showed that the ego subscale was more precise in the middle level of the trait, while the task subscale provided more information in the low and middle level of the trait and relatively little information in the high level of the trait. The positive associations of the task subscale with the frequency of physical activity and the time spent in a single exercise session were also noted.

Highlights

Regular physical activity is an important prerequisite for health maintenance and disease prevention
Small correlations of the ego subscale scores with external and introjected regulation were found [13]. These results provide support for the validity of the Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM) scale
The model of the Polish version of the GOEM scale obtained a good fit for the empirical data (Figure 1, Table 1)

Summary

Introduction

Regular physical activity is an important prerequisite for health maintenance and disease prevention. The importance of goal orientation is highlighted [6,7] It derives from Nicholls’ [8] theory, developed in educational and sporting contexts, which assumes the presence of task and ego orientations. In sport, where one of the most important features is competition, this approach has been adapted and, accurate and reliable measurement methods have been constructed. These include the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) [9,10] and the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ)

Objectives

Methods

Conclusion