Abstract
This literature review paper focuses on existing vulnerabilities associated with global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). With respect to the civilian/non encrypted GNSSs, they are employed for proving positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) solutions across a wide range of industries. Some of these include electric power grids, stock exchange systems, cellular communications, agriculture, unmanned aerial systems and intelligent transportation systems. In this survey paper, physical degradations, existing threats and solutions adopted in academia and industry are presented. In regards to GNSS threats, jamming and spoofing attacks as well as detection techniques adopted in the literature are surveyed and summarized. Also discussed are multipath propagation in GNSS and non line-of-sight (NLoS) detection techniques. The review also identifies and discusses open research areas and techniques which can be investigated for the purpose of enhancing the robustness of GNSS.
Highlights
G LOBAL navigation satellite system (GNSS) is a satellite-based positioning, navigation and timing (PNT)
INTENTIONAL AND UNINTENTIONAL THREATS TO GNSS Given that GNSS signals received by users on the earth’s surface have an extremely low signal strength, they are susceptible to RF interference which can result in a direct impact on the performance of the navigation system [44], [46]
The performance of the spoofing detection presented was compared with traditional snapshot methods and the results showed that the framework performed better in detecting ramp-type spoofing profiles with low drift magnitude (< 0.5 m/s)
Summary
G LOBAL navigation satellite system (GNSS) is a satellite-based positioning, navigation and timing (PNT). Given that the ToA in the receiver is measured using a different and less accurate clock, a timing error results from the radio-based distance estimation [10], [27]. C. CURRENT AND FUTURE GNSS VULNERABILITIES GNSS is widely used and providing positioning, timing and navigating services with an acceptable high level of accuracy in open sky areas, the situation is different for challenging environments such as urban canyons [13], [41]. From this illustration, it can be seen that the placement of the local generated replicas of P, E and L is affected by the multipath signal’s time delay relative to the LoS (direct) signal. While the constructive multipath causes an increase in the C/No, destructive multipath results in signal degradation [55]
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