Glyphosate Excessive Use Affects Citrus Growth and Yield: The Vicious (and Unsustainable) Circle in Brazilian Orchards

Rodrigo Martinelli,Patricia Andrea Monquero,Fernando Alves De Azevedo,Ricardo Alcántara-De La Cruz,Luiz Renato Rufino,Patricia Marluci Da Conceição

doi:10.3390/agronomy12020453

Rodrigo Martinelli, Patricia Andrea Monquero + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020453

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Abstract

The excessive use of glyphosate by Brazilian citrus growers leads to a vicious and unsustainable circle: Increasing the glyphosate use and the selection pressure of resistant/tolerant weeds, as well as the phytointoxication of the crop. In addition, there is speculation on the consequences of using glyphosate and the studies are not conclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the glyphosate management in citrus orchards by assessing its effects in a 5-year field experiment using different doses and application frequencies. Here, we determine the weed control levels, the orchard growth and fruit yield, as well as the economic viability of the treatments. Higher weed control was observed more often with the increasing frequency of glyphosate application, and occasionally with increasing doses. However, some species predominated even at high glyphosate usage, such as BIDPI (Bidens pilosa (L.)), RAPRA (Raphanus raphanistrum (L.)), and ERICA (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist). Phytotoxicity symptoms were demonstrated up to the fourth year of the orchard, and onwards the plants no longer expressed them. This was a highlight, since there was a decrease over time in growth (up to 5.3 m3) and fruit yield (up to 36.3 t ha−1), with losses that reached −56% of the total income. This is the first report to demonstrate that the increase in glyphosate usage can occasionally increase weed control, but it can also decrease orchard development and its financial viability.

Highlights

A higher weed control was expected with the increasing application freIn general, a higher weed control was expected with the increasing application frequency, given that glyphosate is an herbicide with low residual effect on the soil [2]
An increase in its application frequency causes an increase in the average control addition, an increase in its application frequency causes an increase in the average control by a longer control period
For the first time in the literature, the present study demonstrates the results of the excessive use of glyphosate and its implications in citrus orchards

Summary

Introduction

In perennial crops, such as citrus, weeds live at different phenological stages and at the same time and space with the crop throughout its cycle. These crops have a smaller number of herbicides and control opportunities compared with the annual crops, where the control is often conducted in the cultivation intervals and/or using herbicideresistant cultivars. Fruit crops have fewer herbicide options available, e.g., in Brazil, there are 22 active ingredients (ai) registered for citrus versus 50 ai for soybean, 49 ai for maize, and 52 ai for sugarcane [1]

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