Abstract
Microarray technologies inspired the development of carbohydrate arrays. Initially, carbohydrate array technology was hindered by the complex structures of glycans and their structural variability. The first designs of glycoarrays focused on the HTP (high throughput) study of protein–glycan binding events, and subsequently more in-depth kinetic analysis of carbohydrate–protein interactions. However, the applications have rapidly expanded and now achieve successful discrimination of selective interactions between carbohydrates and, not only proteins, but also viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic cells, and most recently even live cell responses to immobilized glycans. Combining array technology with other HTP technologies such as mass spectrometry is expected to allow even more accurate and sensitive analysis. This review provides a broad overview of established glycoarray technologies (with a special focus on glycosaminoglycan applications) and their emerging applications to the study of complex interactions between glycans and whole living cells.
Highlights
Carbohydrates are a major group of biomolecules, which can be subdivided into smaller families of molecules categorized by their structures
This type of assay means that numerous combinations of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) growth factors and GAG structures can be performed in parallel and in replicates [99]
Key advances in glycan arrays over the past two decades have been in screening carbohydrate-binding proteins in proteomes, calculating protein binding affinities and automatization of solid-support synthesis for glycans
Summary
Carbohydrates are a major group of biomolecules, which can be subdivided into smaller families of molecules categorized by their structures. Other important factors to consider glycans are the flexibility of glycans due to Array-based collection of are glycans fulfil suited a range of study particular biological structures, functions. Thereforethe array-based technologies to the of carbohydrate two main technologies are suited to the study of carbohydrate structures, providing the two main benefits, the need for low quantities of samples and achieving high-throughput parallel screening. Benefits, the need for low quantities of samples and achieving high-throughput parallel screening This provided the rationale for the creation of the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG). The use of microarrays for the study of carbohydrate interactions has lagged behind biological molecules, with scientific literature appearing only in 2002 [8,9].
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