Glycemic Control and Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Current guidelines for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are based on glycemic standards derived from epidemiologic data; however, the course of the disease, from prediabetes to end-stage complications, is not the same in all patients. Microvascular complications, including nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, are strongly related to hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c). However, vascular complications may progress in patients who have HbA 1c <7.0% and may appear even in undiagnosed patients owing to transient increases in plasma glucose concentrations. Concomitant atherosclerosis and occult macrovascular disease may follow an accelerated course in type 2 diabetes. Macrovascular complications may develop early, and, like microvascular complications, do not correlate linearly with HbA 1c. Managing hyperglycemia in the later stages of type 2 diabetes does not appear to be associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. The glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity that may precede prolonged hyperglycemia and β-cell dysfunction are early, reversible pathophysiologic events. This suggests that prompt management may modify the course of hyperglycemia and prevent or delay long-term complications. The challenge remains to identify patients with early type 2 diabetes who are at risk for rapid progression of β-cell decline and premature development of microvascular complications. Ongoing research into the mechanisms responsible for diabetic complications may provide new markers to help identify patients with type 2 diabetes who can benefit from earlier antidiabetes treatments.