Glycan-specific B-1 cells mediate blockade of endogenous retroviruses emergence through recognition of conserved glycan epitopes

Abstract

Abstract Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), comprising a substantial portion of the vertebrate genome, are remnants of ancient genetic invaders. Although multiple layers of cell-intrinsic control are utilized to prevent retroviral reactivation, ERVs with intact coding potential were found to reactivate in immunodeficient mice. While previous studies have indicated that B cells are indispensable for preventing ERV reactivation, it is not yet clear which B cell population mediates the blockade of ERV emergence to prevent subsequent damage in the host. Here, we employed direct labeling of B cells reactive with emerged ERV particles to characterize the B cell population and clonal repertoire responsible for recognition of ERV, and to study the mechanism by which B cells provide protection against ERV emergence. We found that ERV-reactive B cells are enriched in innate-like B-1 cell compartment that predominantly reside in peritoneal and pleural cavities. We identified ERV-reactive antibodies in unimmunized mice, the level of which further increases upon innate sensor stimulation. B cell receptor repertoire profiling of ERV-reactive B-1 cells revealed increased usage of Igh VH genes that give rise to glycan-specific antibodies, which were further determined to target terminal N-Acetylglucosamine moieties exhibited by endogenous and exogenous viral antigens. We demonstrated that these glycan-specific natural antibodies engage complement pathway to facilitate clearance of reactivated ERV particles. In conclusion, we elucidated the role of glycan-specific B-1 cells and secreted natural antibodies in mediating blockade of ERV emergence through recognition of conserved glycan epitopes. Supported by grants from Howard Hughes Medical Institute