Abstract
This review paper comprehensively summarizes advances made in the design of glycan nanobiosensors using diverse forms of nanomaterials. In particular, the paper covers the application of gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles, hybrid types of nanoparticles, proteins as nanoscaffolds and various nanoscale-based approaches to designing such nanoscale probes. The article covers innovative immobilization strategies for the conjugation of glycans on nanoparticles. Summaries of the detection schemes applied, the analytes detected and the key operational characteristics of such nanobiosensors are provided in the form of tables for each particular type of nanomaterial.
Highlights
GlycomicsCarbohydrates—along with lipids, nucleic acids and proteins—are representatives of the biomolecules essential for life with glycans (complex carbohydrates) densely covering the cellular surface with involvement in numerous processes [1,2]
A significant drawback considerably limiting the application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in life sciences is their low solubility in aqueous solutions and the formation of stacked and interconnected individual nanotubes forming rope-like 3D aggregates [54]
The use of immobilized glycans as bioreceptive molecules for the detection of influenza viruses is based on the natural interaction between the hemagglutinins of influenza viruses and the sialic acid illustration depicts the structure of Man-Carbon dots (CDs)-liposome
Summary
Carbohydrates—along with lipids, nucleic acids and proteins—are representatives of the biomolecules essential for life with glycans (complex carbohydrates) densely covering the cellular surface with involvement in numerous processes [1,2]. Several review papers discuss the preparation and application of glycan nanobiosensors to the detection of various glycan-binding biomolecules [35,56,57,58], with only one comprehensively makes possible the mixing of different molecules on the surface (Figure 5c). Proteins on the on a rapid detection of the food–borne pathogen E. coli with the application of gold nanorods-based bacterial surface are able to bind to different types of glycans on the host cells. The study bind to mannose-modified AuNPs and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was used as a control to check the showed that nanobiosensors could detect lectins down to M concentration range. A plasmonic field-effect transistor (FET)-based device was used for the detection of lectins in an InGaZnO gate with carbohydrate immobilized on AuNPs using UV irradiation (Figure 8). Chitosan click chemistry (colorimetric biosensing assay) acid-fast bacilli of M. tuberculosis [113]
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