Abstract
BackgroundDespite the numerous intervention programmes, HIV still remains a public health concern with a high impact in Sub-Saharan Africa region. Oxidative stress has been documented in HIV subjects as viral infection promotes prolonged activation of immune system, hence, production of increased reactive oxygen species.MethodsWe studied 180 subjects. Of these, 60 were HIV-infected on antiretroviral therapy (ART), 40 were ART naïve HIV-infected and 80 were apparent healthy non HIV-infected subjects. The complete blood count was performed by automated hemoanalyzer, the CD4+ T-cell count was performed by cyflow cytometer, while the antioxidant assay was performed using ELISA technique.ResultAll evaluated parameters; glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), CD4+ T-cell count, haemoglobin (Hb), total white blood cell count (WBC) and platelet count were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the HIV-infected subjects. All assessed parameters were found to be significantly (P < 0.5) reduced in the HIV-infected subjects that are ART naive when compared with those on ART. HIV-infected subjects with CD4+ T-cell count < 200 cells/mm3 had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced values in all assessed parameters when compared to those with CD4+ T-cell count ≥200 cells/mm3. GSH and WBC were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the female HIV-infected subjects when compared with the male counterpart. Anemia prevalence of 74 and 33% were recorded for the HIV-infected and control subjects, respectively. Gender and ART treatment were found to be associated with anemia in HIV. Male HIV-infected subjects on ART were found to be more likely to have anemia.ConclusionAntioxidants; GSH and GPX were found to be significantly reduced in HIV infection. Further probe showed that the antioxidant status was improved in the HIV-infected group on ART.
Highlights
Despite the numerous intervention programmes, Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) still remains a public health concern with a high impact in Sub-Saharan Africa region
Though HIV epidemic varies per region, the subSaharan region maintains the highest incidence such that approximately 1 in every 25 adults (4.2%) is infected by HIV giving rise to almost two-third of the population of those living with HIV globally [1, 2]
Increased TGF-β inhibits the production of Glutamine-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) subunit which reduces the production of molecules of GSH
Summary
Despite the numerous intervention programmes, HIV still remains a public health concern with a high impact in Sub-Saharan Africa region. World Health Organization report estimated approximately 0.8% of adults within the age bracket of 15–45 years globally are living with HIV. Of all the people living with HIV globally, 9% of them live in Nigeria according to 2014 Gap report [5]. There were 3.2 million people living with HIV in Nigeria in 2016, among whom 30% were assessing antiretroviral treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission to their children [6]. Nigeria is the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [7, 8]. The least HIV prevalence areas are Kebbi, Ekiti, Katsina, Jigawa and Bauchi States of the federation with prevalence range of 1–2% [8]
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