Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) plays various roles directly or through conversions to other amino acids in intracellular metabolisms such as energy source for enterocytes and precursor for nucleic acids. In this study, we examined the effect of single and chronic oral administration of Glu on cell proliferation in intestine and growth in rainbow trout fed soybean meal (SBM) based diet. In the single dose study, 30, 120 and 360 min after oral administration of 50 and 500 mg/kg Glu, the blood and intestine tissues were collected for amino acid concentration and gene expression analysis. Cell-proliferation was detected 24 h after administration using bromo-deoxy uridine (BrdU) in intestine. In the chronic experiment, fish were fed SBM-based diet added 1 and 2 % of Glu for 8 weeks. Final body weight, plasma amino acid concentrations, gene expression and cell-proliferation in the intestine were analyzed. The expressions of some nucleic acid-synthesis related genes were significantly increased 30 min after administration of 50 mg/kg of Glu. After 8 weeks of feeding, the fish fed SBM-based diet showed significantly lower body weight and microvillus thickness in proximal intestine. Supplementation of 2 % of Glu in the SBM-based feed improved both of them. Though it was not significant difference, Glu tended to increase cell-proliferation in the proximal intestine dose-dependently in both single and chronic administration. Our experiment indicates that Glu has positive effect on rainbow trout fed SBM-based feed by reforming proximal intestine through altering cell-proliferation.
Highlights
Glutamate (Glu) is a nonessential amino acid which universally exists in living organism
Gene expression The expressions of genes related to nucleic acid synthesis in proximal and distal intestine are shown in Figs. 1 and Sequence 5′–3′
This study demonstrated that single oral administration of glutamate (Glu) altered expressions of genes related to nucleotide synthesis in rainbow trout proximal intestine, and supplementation of 2 % of Glu in the soybean meal (SBM)-based feed improved microvillus thickness in proximal intestine and ameliorated body weight gain
Summary
Glutamate (Glu) is a nonessential amino acid which universally exists in living organism. It plays various roles directly or through conversions to other molecules in cell metabolisms and physiology. Glu serves as an energy source for enterocytes (Burrin and Stoll 2009; Blachier et al 2009), an excitatory neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system (Kirchgessner 2001; Cartmell and Schoepp 2000; Zhang et al 2013) and as a precursor for other biologically active molecules such as glutathione (Newsholme et al 2003; Reeds et al 2000). Small intestine uses both Glu and Gln as energy fuel, the supply source of each molecule is different. While both dietary and arterial Gln are recruited into intestinal cells. It is shown that 95 % of the dietary
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