Glufosinate treatment of weeds results in ammonia emission by plants

Abstract

Abstract The herbicide glufosinate, which is also called phosphinothricin (PPT), is known to inhibit glutamine synthetase and thus causes a blockage of ammonium (re)assimilation in plants. The objective of the present study was to test whether application of this herbicide results in an ammonia volatilization from the plants and to quantify nitrogen loss via ammonia emission. Four different weed species ( Chenopodium album , Echinocloa crus-galli , Solanum nigrum , Tripleurospermum inodorum ) were grown as monocultures in the greenhouse and treated with PPT when their canopies covered the soil. In the first experiment, whole shoot samples were taken during the following days and analysed for ammonium, pH and total nitrogen content. In the second experiment, apoplastic pH and ammonium concentration of the leaves were measured after herbicide application and used for the calculation of Γ -values (ratio between NH 4 + and H + concentration), the stomatal NH 3 compensation point and the canopy net NH 3 flux with a soil vegetation atmosphere transport (SVAT) model. Herbicide treatment caused a rapid increase in shoot ammonium concentration and the ammonium portion of the plant total nitrogen ranged from 0.6 to 0.9% and from 17 to 44% before and after PPT application, respectively. S . nigrum showed a strong increase in ammonium portion (35%) followed by a decrease (20%), which may have resulted from ammonia volatilization. The difference in total shoot nitrogen content per ground area at the start and 2 weeks after PPT application averaged for the three C 3 weed species to a nitrogen loss of ca. 0.4 g N m −2 or approximately 13% of the total nitrogen in the weed canopy. Analysis of the apoplastic fluid yielded an increase in ammonium concentration and a pH decrease after an initial increase on day 1 after the PPT treatment. In order to evaluate the potential for ammonia loss, the Γ -value was calculated for both apoplastic and tissue water. S . nigrum showed the most dramatic increases in both apoplastic and tissue–water Γ -values 4 days after PPT treatment. The calculated stomatal NH 3 compensation point was strongly elevated after PPT treatment. However, temporal changes of apoplastic pH and ammonium concentration varied between the species and the modelled ammonia emission ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 g N m −2 . It is concluded that PPT application results in an ammonia emission of ca.