Glucosidase activity in dental biofilms in adolescent patients with fixed orthodontic appliances – a putative marker for white spot lesions – a clinical exploratory trial

Abstract

ObjectivesApproximately 25% of the adolescents in the Scandinavian population are treated with a fixed orthodontic appliance (FOA). Adverse effects such as enamel decalcification (white spot lesions – WSL), seem to affect over 30% of patients. WSL have only a limited ability to improve, thus seriously jeopardising the treatment outcome. The aim of present study was to explore the biofilm phenotype by investigating plaque collected: 1) adjacent to brackets, and 2) in gingival margin of maxillary incisors in adolescents with FOA. Incidence of WSL after treatment was also assessed. DesignIn eight adolescent patients treated with FOA, supra-gingival plaque formed on: 1) brackets, and 2) along the gingival margin of the maxillary incisors, was collected after 6–8 months of treatment. The patients were documented before and after treatment by intraoral photos. Plaque samples were tested for glycosidase- (fluorogenic substrates) and protease (FITC-labelled casein substrate) activities. The plaque samples were visualised by Live/Dead BacLight stain, following which cells were investigated by confocal scanning laser microscopy. ResultsIn the collected plaque samples, all enzymes tested displayed small variations in activity between the individuals, except glucosidases, which varied significantly. Four patients developed WSL. The patients displayed higher glucosidase activity in plaque of brackets compared to patients without WSL. In seven patients, plaque at the gingival margin displayed higher protease activity than plaque of brackets. ConclusionsThe current study shows two distinct environmentally induced biofilm phenotypes: 1) brackets with higher glucosidase activity, and 2) gingival margin with higher protease activity. Glucosidase activity might thus be used as a putative biomarker for risk of WSL.