Abstract
The glucose-sensitive drug delivery systems based on glucose oxidase (GOD), which exhibit highly promising applications in diabetes therapy, have attracted much more interest in recent years. The self-regulated drug delivery systems regulate drug release by glucose concentration automatically and continuously to control the blood glucose level (BGL) in normoglycemic state. This review covers the recent advances at the developments of GOD-based glucose-sensitive drug delivery systems and their in vivo applications for diabetes treatment. The applications of GOD-immobilized platforms, such as self-assembly layer-by-layer (LbL) films and polymer vesicles, cross-linking hydrogels and microgels, hybrid mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and microdevices fabricated with insulin reservoirs have been surveyed. The glucose-sensitive drug delivery systems based on GOD are expected to be a typical candidate for smart platforms for potential applications in diabetes therapy.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus, one of the most serious health concerns following cancer and cardiovascular disease, is a metabolic disorder associated with abnormally elevated blood glucose level (BGL)
Co-immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOD) and CAT molecules into pH-sensitive hydrogels sense the change of glucose concentration and release the payload induced by glucose
GOD enzyme bioactivity incubated in the microparticles was quantified, and the results revealed that the enzyme activity showed a concentration-dependent increase
Summary
One of the most serious health concerns following cancer and cardiovascular disease, is a metabolic disorder associated with abnormally elevated blood glucose level (BGL). In the GOD-based glucose-sensitive drug delivery, the produced H2 O2 will prevent the reaction and inhibit the production of gluconic acid, which further inhibits the structure and property changes of pH-responsive polymer materials [15,16]. The produced oxygen molecule further oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid catalyzed by GOD [17,18]. Properties of platforms are changed due to the destruction of H2 O2 - or hypoxia-sensitive groups under the functions of produced H2 O2 or hypoxia during the glucose oxidation catalyzed by GOD. GOD-immobilized or incorporated membranes and microcapsules have good glucose sensitivity with promising applications in self-regulated drug delivery [25,26,27]. The GOD-immobilized glucose-sensitive platforms with in vivo applications in self-regulated drug delivery with controlled regulation of blood glucose levels are reviewed. This article reviews the recent developments in glucose-sensitive platforms based on GOD
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