Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a housekeeping enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate shunt for producing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Severe G6PD deficiency leads to embryonic lethality, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In the current study, the effects of G6PD on epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), especially during embryonic development, were investigated. The knockdown of G6PD induced morphological changes, accompanied by the suppression of epithelial markers, E-cadherin and β-catenin, in A549 and MDCK cells. Such modulation of EMT was corroborated by the enhancement of migration ability in G6PD-knockdown A549 cells. Zebrafish embryos with g6pd knockdown exhibited downregulation of the E-cadherin/β-catenin adhesion molecules and impaired embryonic development through reduction in epiboly rate and increase in cell shedding at the embryo surface. The dysregulation in zebrafish embryonic development caused by g6pd knockdown could be rescued through human G6PD or CDH1 (E-cadherin gene) cRNA coinjection. The Smad3/miR-200b axis was dysregulated upon G6PD knockdown, and the reconstitution of SMAD3 in G6PD-knockdown A549 cells restored the expression of E-cadherin/β-catenin. The inhibition of NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation through the loss of p22phox signaling was involved in the dysregulation of the Smad3/miR-200b axis upon G6PD knockdown. The reconstitution of G6PD led to the recovery of the regulation of NOX/Smad3/miR-200b signaling and increased the expression of E-cadherin/β-catenin in G6PD-knockdown cells. Thus, these results suggest that in the EMT process, G6PD plays an important regulatory role as an integral component of the NOX/Smad3/miR-200b axis.
Highlights
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a housekeeping enzyme with the major function of regenerating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to maintain cellular redox homeostasis[1,2,3,4]
To ascertain whether epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression is linked to G6PD expression, A549 cells treated with Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) were
Enhanced cell migration in G6PD-knockdown A549 cells Because the downregulation of E-cadherin and βcatenin is often associated with increased cell migration, a scratch wound assay was performed for 24 h
Summary
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a housekeeping enzyme with the major function of regenerating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to maintain cellular redox homeostasis[1,2,3,4]. G6PD modulates xenobiotic metabolism via the Nrf[2] signaling pathway and affects the xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme expression[5]. It acts as a key regulator of the cellular inflammatory and immune response against viral infection[6,7]. Because G6PD is a rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose-phosphate shunt, it is essential for regulating energy consumption and glucose. Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association. Wu et al Cell Death and Disease (2018)9:10. These studies have indicated that G6PD plays an important role in modulating many cellular functions
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