Glucagon-like peptide-1 response to whey protein is less diminished by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in comparison with responses to dextrin, a lipid and casein in rats

Abstract

Although glucose is the best-known nutrient to stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, dietary peptides also potently stimulate GLP-1 secretion. Certain peptide fragments derived from dietary proteins possess dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activity in vitro. Hence, we hypothesised that dietary peptides protect GLP-1 from degradation through attenuating DPP-4 activity in vivo. Here, we compared GLP-1 responses with dietary proteins, a carbohydrate and a lipid (Intralipos) in rats having or not having plasma DPP-4 activity. Plasma GLP-1 concentrations clearly increased by oral administration of whey protein (2-4 g/kg), but not by that of dextrin (2-4 g/kg), in control rats (untreated Sprague-Dawley rats and F344/Jcl rats), having DPP-4 activity. In contrast, dextrin administration increased the plasma GLP-1 concentrations as the whey protein administration did, in rats having reduced or no DPP-4 activity (a DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin-treated Sprague-Dawley rats or DPP-4-deficient F344/DuCrl/Crlj rats). DPP-4 inhibition by sitagliptin treatment also enhanced GLP-1 response to Intralipos, and casein, but the treatment did not further enhance GLP-1 response to whey protein. Intestinal GLP-1 content and gastric emptying rate were not associated with differences in GLP-1 responses to test nutrients. The luminal contents from rats administered whey protein decreased DPP-4 activity in vitro. These results suggest that GLP-1 released by dextrin, Intralipos and casein was immediately degraded by DPP-4, while GLP-1 released by whey protein was less degraded. Our study provides novel in vivo evidence supporting the hypothesis that dietary peptides not only stimulate GLP-1 secretion but also inhibit DPP-4 activity to potentiate GLP-1 response.