Abstract
Backgrounds and aims: The role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) in neuronal apoptosis remains unclear. We aim to investigate the role of PPAR-γ in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) alleviated neuronal apoptosis induced by carboxymethyl-lysine (CML).Materials and Methods: In vitro, PC12 cells were treated by CML/GLP-1. Moreover. the function of PPAR-γ was blocked by GW9662. In vivo, streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetic rats with neuronal apoptosis. The cognitive function of rats was observed by Morris water maze. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay. Bcl2, Bax, PPAR-γ and receptor of GLP-1 (GLP-1R) were measured by western blotting or immunofluorescence.Results: In vitro experiment, CML triggered apoptosis, down-regulated GLP-1R and PPAR-γ. Moreover, GLP-1 not only alleviated the apoptosis, but also increased levels of PPAR-γ. GW9662 abolished the neuroprotective effect of GLP-1 on PC12 cells from apoptosis. Furthermore, GLP-1R promoter sequences were detected in the PPAR-γ antibody pulled mixture. GPL-1 levels decreased, while CML levels increased in diabetic rats, compared with control rats. Additionally, we observed elevated bax, decreased bcl2, GLP-1R and PPAR-γ in diabetic rats.Conclusions: GLP-1 could attenuate neuronal apoptosis induced by CML. Additionally, PPAR-γ involves in this process.
Highlights
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [1,2,3,4] and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) [5, 6] had been a challenge in China and worldwide
T2DM is involved in the progress of AD via several mechanisms, including amyloid-β accumulation [7, 8], hyperphosphorylation of tau protein [9, 10] and oxidative stress [11] result in neuronal apoptosis [12]
Many studies suggested that Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) promoted the damage of neurons by binding to receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE)
Summary
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [1,2,3,4] and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) [5, 6] had been a challenge in China and worldwide. T2DM is involved in the progress of AD via several mechanisms, including amyloid-β accumulation [7, 8], hyperphosphorylation of tau protein [9, 10] and oxidative stress [11] result in neuronal apoptosis [12]. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed by non-enzymatic-reaction in the condition of chronic hyperglycemia, are involved in various diabetic complications, including degenerative neuropathy. Many studies suggested that AGEs promoted the damage of neurons by binding to receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Chen et al [13] showed high glucose induced apoptosis by PC12 cells in vitro and STZ induced hyperphosphorylation of tau protein by rats in vivo. The mechanism of AGEs involves in neuronal apoptosis needs to be further studied
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