Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a human incretin hormone derived from the proglucagon molecule. GLP-1 receptor agonists are frequently used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the hormone affects the liver, pancreas, brain, fat cells, heart, and gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review on the use of GLP-1 other than in treating diabetes. PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase were searched, and the PRISMA guidelines were followed. Nineteen clinical studies were selected. The results showed that GLP-1 agonists can benefit defined off-medication motor scores in Parkinson’s Disease and improve emotional well-being. In Alzheimer’s disease, GLP-1 analogs can improve the brain’s glucose metabolism by improving glucose transport across the blood–brain barrier. In depression, the analogs can improve quality of life and depression scales. GLP-1 analogs can also have a role in treating chemical dependency, inhibiting dopaminergic release in the brain’s reward centers, decreasing withdrawal effects and relapses. These medications can also improve lipotoxicity by reducing visceral adiposity and decreasing liver fat deposition, reducing insulin resistance and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. The adverse effects are primarily gastrointestinal. Therefore, GLP-1 analogs can benefit other conditions besides traditional diabetes and obesity uses.
Highlights
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin secreted by the distal intestinal ileum and colon L-cells following food intake
This study aims to perform a systematic review of the effects of GLP1 beyond its traditional use for diabetes a2n.dCbloindyicwaleTigrhitalcsonTthroalt[I1n,2v,8e–s2t0ig].ated the Use of GLP-1
This study presented a small number of participants
Summary
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin secreted by the distal intestinal ileum and colon L-cells following food intake. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter clinical trial with 320 male and female subjects (18–75 y, 20–75 y in Japan) affected by histological evidence of NASH, with or without T2DM. Participants were randomized into 2 groups: placebo (n = 10, 74.0 ± 6.4 y, 4 male) and exenatide (n = 11, 71.7 ± 6.9 y, 7 male, initial dose of 5 mcg/2xd, which was augmented after 1 week of the start of the study for 10 mcg/2xd)/18 w. Short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists have demonstrated modest reductions of fasting blood glucose levels and substantial reductions of postprandial hyperglycemia by stimulating fasting insulin secretions and decreasing glucagon secretion These molecules reduce the gastric emptying rate and reduce appetite, leading to a reduction of the body weight by 1–5 kg on average. Changes in gut hormones, including increases in GLP-1, PYY, and oxyntomodulin, and decreases in GIP and ghrelin, or the combined actions of all these hormones, might have a role in the induction and long-term maintenance of weight loss [1,41,43,45,46,48]
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