Glomus intraradices, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and Bacillus pumilus: effective agents for the control of root-rot disease complex of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Abstract

The effects of Glomus intraradices, Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Bacillus pumilus on the root-rot disease complex caused by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the root-rot fungus Macrophomina phaseolina in chickpea was assessed by quantifying differences in the shoot dry mass, pod number, nodulation, and shoot content of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Inoculation of plants with G. intraradices, P. alcaligenes and B. pumilus alone and in combination significantly increased shoot dry mass, pod number, and content of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plants inoculated with pathogens over that in the uninoculated control plants. P. alcaligenes caused a greater increase in shoot dry mass, pod number, chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plants with pathogens than did G. intraradices or B. pumilus. Combined application of G. intraradices, P. alcaligenes and B. pumilus to plants inoculated with pathogens caused a greater increase in shoot dry mass, pod number, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than did an application of P. alcaligenes plus B. pumilus or of G. intraradices plus B. pumilus. Root colonization by G. intrardices was high when used alone, while inoculation with the pathogens reduced root colonization by G. intraradices. In the presence of P. alcaligenes and B. pumilus, root colonization by G. intraradices increased. In plants inoculated with just one antagonist, P. alcaligenes reduced galling and nematode multiplication the most, followed by G. intraradices, then B. pumilus. The greatest reduction in galling, nematode multiplication and root-rot was observed when both bacterial species and G. intraradices were applied together.