GLOBALIZATION PROCESS IN THE MARITIME TRANSPORT - CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND EFFECTS

The article examines the problems of the economic activity of TNCs in the conditions of deepening globalization processes in the world. Globalization exerts a dominant influence on the development of any national economy. However, the globalization of the economy is not only a benefit from the country’s increased participation in global economic processes, but also a high probability of losses and increased risks. It predicts that countries become not only interdependent due to the formation of a system of international integrated production, the growth of world trade and foreign investment flows, the intensification of the movement of technological innovations, etc., but also more vulnerable to the negative impact of global economic relations. Therefore, there is now a need to rethink globalization processes and the participation of TNCs in them. The article examines globalization processes: essence, main features and factors of competitiveness of corporations in different countries of the world. The author researched the international activities of TNCs in the conditions of globalization, highlighted the problems of their further development and the impact of globalization processes on the global economy. The comprehensive characteristics of the dominant trends in the international activity of TNCs are analyzed. The problems of globalization of the world economy, which cause ineffective functioning of transnational corporations, are considered. Evaluating the global change in the contours of the international activity of TNCs, it has been proven that TNCs, by their nature, driving forces, vector orientation and development mechanism at all stages of world economic progress, vividly crystallize systemic financial imbalances.

Introduction. Modern development of the world economy and especially the processes of globalization of the world economy, increasing the interdependence of economies, the formation of global commodity and financial markets have led to increased interest in the problem of increasing the competitiveness of countries involved in these processes. Issues of competitiveness at the level of the economy in the degree of urgency are among the issues of national importance, as they are closely linked to the achievement of dynamic economic development of the country and improving the living standards of its population. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the fundamental provisions of economics, the work of domestic and foreign economists to study the competitiveness of countries in the global economy. Materials of publications in periodicals, monographs on the researched problem are used in the article. Results. The main theoretical approaches to determining the competitiveness of countries in the global economy are considered in the article. The main functions of the state in strengthening the position of competitiveness of countries in the context of strengthening globalization are highlighted. Ukraine's positioning in the ranking of countries by the level of globalization is made and proposals are made to increase its competitiveness in the global economy. Discussion. The analysis of the positions of competitiveness of countries in the global economy provides an opportunity to deepen the theoretical and methodological foundations and development of practical recommendations for improving the competitiveness of Ukraine, which forms the prospects for further scientific research. Key words: competitiveness of countries, global economy, globalization, national economies, national interests, internationalization, economic development.

In the current stage of international economic relations and the global economy, globalization and transnationalization are key processes present in all areas of the economy, including the banking system. Transnational banks play an important role in international economic relationships by acting as intermediaries on the financial market. Thus, their role is growing in the condition of further development of the globalization process. Transnational banks are spreading all over the world due to the increase in demand for banking operations and the rapid growth of the international capital market, creating branch systems in foreign financial markets by connecting with the banking capital of various states. Although domestic and foreign scientists have covered studies on the impact of the activities of transnational banks in the conditions of globalization of the world economy, some issues related to the effectiveness of the activities of transnational banks and the regulation of TNBs require further consideration. The object of the research is the largest transnational banks in the world, while the subject of the research is the activity of the largest transnational banks in the situation of transnationalization and globalization processes' development. The article aims to examine the concept of a transnational bank as a subject of the international banking system, determine the impact of the presence of a transnational bank on the country's economy in the context of globalization, and analyze the impact of the activities of transnational banks and banks with foreign capital on the banking system of Ukraine. The main research methods used are the statistical method, synthesis method, system-structural method, and generally philosophical method. The research results analyze the positive and negative effects of TNB activities, define the consequences of the influx of foreign capital, and identify situations where it is worth restraining the activities of transnational banks and where, on the other hand, it is worth encouraging the placement of branches of transnational banks in the country.

An empirical investigation between renewable energy consumption, globalization and human capital: A dynamic auto-regressive distributive lag simulation

Topicality. The urgency of the problem is to stimulate the development of foreign economic relations in global integration processes. The article is devoted to the development of scientific principles and practical recommendations for stimulating the development of foreign economic relations in global integration processes and determining their impact on international relations. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to develop scientific principles and practical recommendations to stimulate the development of foreign economic relations in global integration processes and determine its impact on the international relations. On the basis of theoretical generalizations carried out in the study, it is proved that globalization of international relations and world economic relations is a natural process, which is to strengthen the interconnection and interaction of the main directions and components of the development of the world community. In the broad sense - it is multifactorial interaction of various phenomena of international life (economic, legal, social, political, ethical, religious, psychological). On the basis of the generalization of theoretical sources regarding the emergence of the globalization process, preconditions and causes of the process of globalization have been formed. Research results. It is proved that the globalization of international relations and world economic relations is a logical process, which is to strengthen the interconnection and interaction of the main directions and components of the development of the world community. In the broad sense - it is multifactorial interaction of various phenomena of international life (economic, legal, social, political, ethical, religious, psychological). The paper presents a comparative description of the consequences of globalization. A global assessment of the countries of the world according to the global competitiveness index for 2017-2018 has been carried out. It has been proved that the foreign economic relations in the global integration processes play a special role today. For the modern stage of development of world economic relations dynamism, liberalization, diversification of forms and types of foreign economic activity are characteristic. It is specified that in addition to traditional forms of foreign economic relations (foreign trade, investment cooperation), scientific and technical cooperation, industrial cooperation, monetary-financial, military-technical cooperation, tourism, etc. have been actively developed in recent years. It is argued that economic globalization is the process of formation and development of a single world economic and informational space, which accelerates the capitalization of the introduction of new ideas. Conclusion. The study made it possible to substantiate and develop scientific principles and scientific and practical recommendations for stimulating the development of foreign economic relations in global integration processes and determining its impact on the international relations. One of the current trends in the global economy is the internationalization of production, which allows transnational corporations to conquer new markets bypassing customs barriers. The study made it possible to substantiate and develop scientific principles and scientific and practical recommendations for stimulating the development of foreign economic relations in global integration processes and determining their impact on international relations.

Energizing Comparative Environmental Politics and Comparative Political Economy

Global Economic Challenges and Global Solutions 2016

The legal system of Ukraine in the context of globalization.

This is an everchanging and ever-competitive global arena. It’s called globalization of economic affairs. After the WWII a significant number of international financial institutes and economic mechanisms including World Bank, IMF, SWIFT System, WTO (GATT), International Stock Exchanges as well as global Reserve currency have been developed to create a borderless economic world, called American World Order. Due to global market economy and borderless economic world whole world has become a global village and the movement of goods, capital and people has been eased and widened. Economic activities have been faster, diversified, and widespread in one hand and on the other hand the outer influence on an economy has become very significant. Inter-exchange of products and services and inter-dependability among the nations are the global scenarios in the modern world. On the contrary, these financial institutions and economic mechanisms are being used as western leverage and being politicized and weaponized to counter the rival states, causing economic volatility in national and global levels during last several decades. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the impacts of outer influence and politicization & weaponization of economic mechanism and international financial institutions on a particular economy and on global economy in large and potential ways to overcome the challenges. The study is mainly based on secondary sources of data including scholarly journal, articles, books, research materials, news of media outlets and other relevant sources pertaining to the subject. The finding of the study will contribute to counter the unusual economic situation, deter the counterproductive economic measures of hostile outsiders and suggest a mechanism and framework for an Alternative Economic System to form a multipolar economic world to neutralize the western domination.

Gendered realities in local regions are a prominent issue in today’s global economy. However, the process of globalization in the late-19th century already involved the local Nagano women in an indispensable role in Japan’s raw silk industry. This paper studies the interplay between population growth and relatively limited resources in Nagano vis-à-vis the demand for female labor during the Meiji era, when Japan became a major raw silk producer. The local/regional constraints in Nagano interacted with economic globalization and gave Nagano its position in the global market. Therefore, we cannot ignore the consequences of local/regional constraints and advantages in global processes on female workers. Population pressure and environmental squeeze are found to have been important forces that integrated the local and regional in the global process of industrialization and trade, and together, they produced social outcomes, such as gender hierarchies in globalization and glocalization processes.

Recent institutional changes have seen the increasing dominance of globalization and neoliberalism in the world economy. As markets have been deregulated, privatization and unproductive government spending have been promoted. Yet the greater volatility of capitals, the emergence of many financial crises, a decline in trust, and environmental problems have cast doubt on the effectiveness of neoliberal globalization. This book studies the impact of neoliberal globalization on growth and development in the world economy. It scrutinizes whether new social structures of accumulation or modes of regulation have emerged to promote long-term socioeconomic performance in the global economy during the early years of the twenty-first century. Special reference is given to the specific performance of neoliberal governance; transnational corporations; global institutions of money, trade and production; international relations of war and terrorism; financial institutions; and the family-community environment. It is a comprehensive analysis of the degree to which institutional development has managed to promote socioeconomic performance in the global economy. It also presents a thorough policy program of action for long wave upswing in the world economy. It will be especially useful for those scholars and students concerned with issues of governance, global political economy, institutions and macroeconomics

Regimes of Urban Transformation in Tehran: The Politics of Planning Urban Development in the 20th Century Iran

The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of the development of international technology transfer. It has been established that today the latest technologies and innovations affect all spheres of the national economy. Participation in the international transfer of technologies becomes a necessary and imperative condition for the existence of any production, not only at the state level, but also at the global level. That is why state support for innovative activities, namely the promotion of research and development, affects the socio-economic development of modern society. The functioning and development of the world economic system takes place under the influence of the processes of integration and globalization, which leads to the acceleration of the movement of capital, financial and labor resources, goods and the growth of the intensity of information exchange. Due to the accumulation of scientific and technical potential in a number of economically developed countries, it is knowledge, intelligence and innovation that become the main driving force behind the success of individual companies in these countries in the global economy. Today, modern companies enter into a competitive struggle not so much for the level of development of the production structure and its volumes, as for the level of available innovations on the global technology market. Today, domestic science is on the brink of disaster, this state is explained by the economic crisis that occurred against the background of the military aggression of our northeastern "neighbor". In Ukraine until 2022, there were negative processes associated with the development of scientific and technological developments, as evidenced by numerous studies of the dynamics of the share of R&D expenditures in GDP, it is obvious that in today's conditions this is an unacceptable trend and the state should make maximum efforts for practical and rapid accumulation of such a sector of the national economy as science. It has been proven that Ukraine should focus on the specifics of the development of international legal regulation and guarantees in the field of technology transfer, from the point of view of international obligations. Since even those norms of international regulations implemented in domestic legislation do not provide full guarantees for the formation and development of a transparent and fair international technology transfer.

Why Domestic Enforcement of Private Regulation Is (Not) the Answer:Making and Questioning the Case of Corporate Social Responsibility Codes Anna Beckers and Mark T. Kawakami I. Global Private Regulation and the Domestic State Globalization has been commonly understood as a phenomenon that leads to the dissolution of territorial borders and the growing interdependence of social and economic activities that remain spatially remote.1 The law, in this regard, has not been spared from the impacts of globalization either. There is a constant interest in grasping the evolving legal system under the effects of globalization in terms such as transnational law,2 global law without3 or beyond4 the state, global legal pluralism,5 or transnational regulation.6 Certainly, much can be gained from a conceptualization of global ordering structures as autonomous global law that function independently of the state legal system. [End Page 1] Nevertheless, the enthusiasm for the effective functioning of these global ordering structures has recently waned. In particular, private regulatory processes have experienced various instances of functional ineffectiveness at the global level.7 Moreover, these private regulatory processes may face serious problems in terms of legitimacy and accountability,8 which, in turn, provide a justification to reconsider the role of domestic legal systems. In this context, it is equally important to note that the state and its formal legal system have never been irrelevant for global legal processes. To the contrary, the functions of domestic courts and legislators remain significant and relevant—as much as the global processes—and should continue to be so. The true global "delocalized" law has rightly been labeled as a utopia.9 Against this background emerges the question of whether domestic legal systems can and should play a role in administering and enforcing these global rules against private actors. In other words, is a stronger regulatory role of domestic law an appropriate response to the risks associated with the processes of economic globalization? In response, legal research seems to have already initiated a change in focus from the characteristics of this transnational ordering to investigating the interaction of global rules with state legal systems.10 One important element in this discussion is the renewed focus on the [End Page 2] enforcement of global private regulation through private law. Shifting the attention from the less tangible social pressures to legal enforcement, scholars have identified a variety of substantive areas in which the legal enforcement of private regulation could play a role,11 such as advertising and food safety,12 labor standards,13 and financial markets.14 In that respect, it is also normatively postulated that the national legal and political systems should play a more significant role in order to reinforce the potential rather than undermining the regulatory efforts on a global scale.15 This issue aims to contribute to this debate by providing different perspectives on whether and how domestic enforcement of transnational private regulation through private law can and should be furthered, if at all. This is accomplished by narrowing the broader topic and focusing on the investigation of one particular area: the starting point of all the contributions will be the debate over private corporate social responsibility (CSR) codes and the case for or against their enforcement under domestic private law. These CSR codes are understood as codes of conduct developed and published by transnational corporations to show their globally applicable commitment to respect human rights, improve fundamental labor standards, protect the natural environment, and prevent corruption. [End Page 3] The focus on private corporate social responsibility initiatives seems, for that debate, a particularly suitable example: First, unlike in other forms of private self-regulation, domestic enforcement is critical for corporate social responsibility because separate enforcement institutions have not evolved on a global level. In relation to the lex mercatoria, arbitral tribunals are primarily called upon to provide for juridification. For private internet governance, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has evolved as a core player. The Court of Arbitration (CAS) has been dominant in shaping and enforcing the lex sportiva. Similar international courts or private arbitral institutions, although recently considered,16 have not been realized for corporate social responsibility...

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЗРОСТАННЯ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ НА ФОНІ