Abstract
The French Government has had a complex relationship with globalization. Globalization is both a threat and a cradle for ideas. And French policy-makers have a love–hate relationship with the global dynamics underlying the European higher education reforms started in the 1990s. At the outset, higher education reforms, such as the Bologna process, were framed as a way to build Europe and fight against international competition. Yet, the mode of governance of these reforms mirrored the recommendations of international organizations and led to the precise outcome criticized in globalization, that is, greater competition. This article explores the relationship between international, European and domestic discourses and modes of governance. It uses insights from the literature on policy transfer and questions the sustainability of such ambivalence.
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