Abstract
Recently, a global increase in temperature has been considered with a temperature rise. Therefore, new species and diseases are getting domestic in Europe. Particularly, tilapia is kept in "colder" areas like in European waters in indoor facilities. It was examined if the tilapia lake virus (TiLV) can infect native European fish. Common carp, crucian carp, and rainbow trout were chosen to be with infected tilapia. While tilapia were infected, the other species were always cohabitated. After keeping all species together, samples were collected. Tilapia and crucian carp at 20 °C as well as rainbow trout at 12°C, showed mortality. Besides necrosis, infiltrations and syncytia were observed. TiLV was detected by in-situ hybridization in all species. Sera were used for SNT to prove the replication. While tilapia developed neutralizing antibodies after 14 to 21 dpi, carp and rainbow trout started after 12 dpi. The highest neutralizing activities we found in sera from crucian carp. All fish (tilapia, crucian carp, and rainbow trout) that died during the experiment were inspected for the presence of TiLV by RT-qPCR, histology, and ISH. Due to the experience that clinically infected fish showing severe symptoms are not producing antibodies, serology was not carried out.
Highlights
Climate change with artificially induced global warming is a worldwide problem [1]
Do the migrating species and their agents adapt to new environmental conditions, but the disease agents may be able to use native species and their innate disease agents and vice versa, perhaps for hybridization to create so far unknown variations, a process designated as cladogenesis [6]
While none of the isolates was replicated after two passages onto cell lines 816 (CCB, carp), 1542 and 1543 (CCM-R, carp), the cell lines 57, 1492 (ZF-4, zebrafish) and 1550 (TiB, tilapia) preserved both isolates or replicated them to a similar virus titre visible by RT-qPCR
Summary
Climate change with artificially induced global warming is a worldwide problem [1]. Its effects have consequences for the physical environment, ecosystems, and human societies. Climate change represents a threat to sustainability [2], including a decrease in biological diversity. It is strongly associated with a decrease in species and provokes a northward migration of aquatic animals of the temperate and tropical zones [4]. More and more invasive species will occur in marine and coastal brackish waters and freshwater areas of the mainland [5]. These invaders' microbiomes, including disease agents, viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can be transferred to the new areas. Do the migrating species and their agents adapt to new environmental conditions, but the disease agents may be able to use native species and their innate disease agents and vice versa, perhaps for hybridization to create so far unknown variations, a process designated as cladogenesis [6]
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