Global warming and Ice Nucleation in Central Himalayas: A Case Study of Skardu District

Abstract

Water is an essential need for life and demand for water supply is exponentially increasing with elevating human population. Ice nucleation plays a fundamental role in shaping precipitation patterns and influencing the Earth's climate system. Skardu's unique location amidst the Karakorum. As temperatures decrease, there is a noticeable increase in stream water and ice melt water, potentially impacting biological activity and ecological processes. Following Vali’s equation and finding number of frozen drops from -1 to -10 degree Celsius after 5 mints incubation at each degree. The correlation between temperature and frozen drops adds complexity, highlighting the heightened sensitivity of environmental phenomena to temperature variations, with frozen drops peaking at extremely low temperatures. Ice nucleation results at Skardu showed that stream water can maximize IN 17.5 times from its starting point of freezing points while ice melt water increased 9 times, sediments 5 times. Biotic factors of plant 1 and plant 2 showed 25 times and 24 times increase in IN from starting point of freezing. Result of IN at Shigari showed, stream water increased 9.5 times, ICM increased 9 times, sediment 4 times, plant 21 times and plant 2 showed 23.5 times from their first freezing happened. Cold desert, IN results showed that stream water increased 11 times, ICM 19 times, sediments 4 times, plant-1 25 times and plant-2 24.5 times increased in IN from their first freezing point.