Abstract
Abstract. A total of 18 high-fidelity simulations of large wind farms have been performed by three different institutions using various inflow conditions and simulation setups. The setups differ in how the atmospheric turbulence, wind shear and wind turbine rotors are modeled, encompassing a wide range of commonly used modeling methods within the large eddy simulation (LES) framework. Various turbine spacings, atmospheric turbulence intensity levels and incoming wind velocities are considered. The work performed is part of the International Energy Agency (IEA) wind task Wakebench and is a continuation of previously published results on the subject. This work aims at providing a methodology for studying the general flow behavior in large wind farms in a systematic way. It seeks to investigate and further understand the global trends in wind farm performance, with a focus on variability. Parametric studies first map the effect of various parameters on large aligned wind farms, including wind turbine spacing, wind shear and atmospheric turbulence intensity. The results are then aggregated and compared to engineering models as well as LES results from other investigations to provide an overall picture of how much power can be extracted from large wind farms operating below the rated level. The simple engineering models, although they cannot capture the variability features, capture the general trends well. Response surfaces are constructed based on the large number of aggregated LES data corresponding to a wide range of large wind farm layouts. The response surfaces form a basis for mapping the inherently varying power characteristics inside very large wind farms, including how much the turbines are able to exploit the turbulent fluctuations within the wind farms and estimating the associated uncertainty, which is valuable information useful for risk mitigation.
Highlights
As renewable energies are expected to take an increasing share of future electricity production, wind energy is progressing where wind farms are being built in ever increasing sizes, especially offshore
This study showed that these two approaches yield very comparable vertical profiles of mean streamwise velocity, shear stress and streamwise velocity fluctuations in the rotor region when large wind farms are modeled
This work aimed at providing a general overview of the global trends in power performance for large wind farms, with a focus on variability
Summary
As renewable energies are expected to take an increasing share of future electricity production, wind energy is progressing where wind farms are being built in ever increasing sizes, especially offshore. Wind turbines operating far downstream in very large farms are subject to complex flow conditions, comprising the combined interaction between the atmosphere and the complex wake dynamics introduced by the wind turbines. Several factors come into play and contribute to the complexity of wind farm flow. These factors can be grouped into atmospheric conditions (e.g., stability, shear, veer and turbulence intensity), wind farm conditions (turbine size, farm layout) and combined effects as the turbines affect the atmospheric flow. A better understanding of how the flow develops in large wind farms is crucial in or-. Andersen et al.: Global trends in large-wind-farm performance based on high-fidelity simulations der to better plan and control the wind farms and to optimize their production
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